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GIT Anatomy > Large intestine, rectum, anus > Flashcards

Large intestine, rectum, anus Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structures through this sagittal section of the abdomen

A
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2
Q

Structure of LI

A
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3
Q
  1. What are teniae coli
  2. where do they begin
  3. How do they terminate
  4. What do they form when they contract lengthwise
A
  1. 3 distinct bands of SM that run longitudinally
  2. Begin at the appendix
  3. Terminate by merging together at the rectosigmoid junction
  4. Contract lengthwise to form haustra
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4
Q

What are omental appendices

What are they also known as

A

Small fatty projections that are only found on the colon

epiploic appendages/appendices epiploicae

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5
Q

How do the haustrations and sacculations form

A

Wall becomes baggy and gathered

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6
Q

What are haustra

A
  • Contraction of the teniae coli results in the shortening of the intestinal wall
  • Sacculations form as the wall becomes “baggy” and gathered
  • Visible on external surface
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7
Q

What are semilunar folds

A
  • Haustra are internally separated by prominent ridges of mucosa
  • Visible on the internal surface
  • also PLICAE SEMILUNARIS
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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Ripple-like wave of circular and longitudinal muscular contractions forcing material to propel forwards

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9
Q

Segmentation

A

Circular muscular contractions that mix and churn material forwards and backwards

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10
Q

Ileocecal junction

A

Marks junction between SI and LI when the ileum empties content into cecum via ileocecal valve

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11
Q

Ileocecal valve

A
  • Formed by 2 semilunar shaped flaps that surround a slit-like orifice
  • Located approximately 2cm above the opening of the appendix
  • Acts to prevent REFLUX of chyme from the cecum back into ileum when digested material is acting against gravity to be propelled up the ascending colon
  • Ileocolic lips create a passive flap valve that remains closed with tonic contractions
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12
Q

What is the cecum in relation to the ascending colon

A

First part of LI and is continuous with the ascending colon

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13
Q

Where is the cecum located

A

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

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14
Q

Is the cecum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

Intraperitoneal as it can be lifted relatively freely and is entirely covered in a visceral layer of peritoneum

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15
Q

How is the cecum bound to the posterior abdominal wall

A

By cecal folds instead of having its own mesentery

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16
Q

Arterial supply of the cecum

A

Ileocolic artery (from the superior mesenteric)

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17
Q

What is the appendix

A

A 6-10cm blind intestinal diverticulum, containing masses of lymphoid tissue

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18
Q

Where is the appendix located

A

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

McBurney’s point pain

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19
Q

Is the appendix intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

INTRAPERITONEAL

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20
Q

How is the appendix held in place

A

By a short, triangular mesentery called the MESOAPPENDIX, arising from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum

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21
Q

Arterial supply of the appendix

A

The appendicular artery which travels in the mesoappendix and branches directly from the ileocolic artery

22
Q

What is the ascending colon

A

2nd part of the LI and connects the cecum to the right colic flexure where it becomes the transverse colon

23
Q

Where is the ascending colon located

A

Right quadrants (RLQ and RUQ)

24
Q

Is the ascending colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal

  • link to embryology as only the anterior surface and sides are covered by peritoneum
25
Q

Width of ascending colon in comparison to the cecum

A

NARROWER than cecum

26
Q

Arterial supply of ascending colon

A

Right colic artery (branch of superior mesenteric)

27
Q

What is the transverse colon (in relation to LI)

A

3rd part

Longest

Most mobile

28
Q

Is the transverse colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

Intraperitoneal

29
Q

How is the transverse colon connected to the posterior abdominal wall

A

By transverse mesocolon, which allows it to hang down to level of umbilicus, approx L3/L4 vertebral level

RED LINE => ending of midgut and start of hindgut

30
Q

How does the transverse colon attach to the diaphragm

A

At the left colic/splenic flexure via the phrenicocolic ligament

31
Q

Arterial supply of transverse colon via

A

Middle colic artery - Proximal 2/3rds

Left colic artery - distal 1/3rd

32
Q

Summary of proximal LI

A
33
Q

What is the descending colon (in relation to LI)

A

4th part of LI and begins at left colic flexure where it connects the transverse colon -> sigmoid colon

34
Q

Where is the descending colon located

A

In the left quadrants (LUQ and LLQ)

35
Q

Is the descending colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal

  • link to embryology as only the anterior surface and sides are covered by peritoneum
36
Q

Length of descending colon compared to ascending

A

Descending is longer

37
Q

What is the left colic flexure related to

A

Spleen

38
Q

What is the arterial supply of the descending colon

A

Left colic artery branching from inferior mesenteric artery

39
Q

What is the sigmoid colon in relation to LI

A

5th part and connects descending colon to rectum

40
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon located

A

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

41
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon extend from

A

Iliac fossa to approx S3 vertebral level

42
Q

Is the sigmoid colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

INTRAPERITONEAL

  • Valvulus
43
Q

Where do teniae coli terminate

A

At the rectosigmoid junction (NB SPOT!)

  • approx 15cm from anus
44
Q

Arterial supply of sigmoid colon

A

Sigmoid arteries (branching from inferior mesenteric)

45
Q

Where does the rectum lie

A

Between the sigmoid colon and anal canal

46
Q

What does the rectum follow

A

this fixed terminal part of the GIT follows the sacrococcygeal curve

47
Q

External surface of the rectum

A
  • No haustra
  • No teniae coli
  • No omental appendices
48
Q

Is the PROXIMAL PART of the rectum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

Primarily retroperitoneal

49
Q

Is the DISTAL PART of the rectum intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal or subperitoneal

A

Subperitoneal

50
Q

What is the anal canal

A

Continuous with the rectum at the pelvic diaphragm where it makes a 90 degree posterior bend known as ANORECTAL FLEXURE

51
Q

What is the anal canal divided into

A

An upper and lower part by PECTINATE LINE

GIT Anatomy (8 decks)

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