Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

speech science > laryngeal system > Flashcards

laryngeal system Flashcards

1
Q

period

A

time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration; indirect relationship with frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

frequency

A

measured in cycles per second, Hz; perceptual correlate is pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

amplitude

A

magnitude of vibration measured in dB SPL; perceptual correlate is loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phase

A

temporal relation of sine waves within a complex wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

constructive interference

A

sine waves add together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

destructive interference

A

sine waves are out of synch and cancel each other out; perfectly out of synch –> silence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

complex tones

A

comprised of multiple sine waves of different frequencies; human voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fourier Analysis

A

breaks down a complex waves into its sine waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

waveform

A

shows a sine wave; x-axis is time, y-axis is amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

spectrum

A

shows a sine wave or complex wave; x-axis is frequency, y-axis is amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spectrogram

A

shows energy of speech; x-axis is time, y-axis is frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

human voice spectrum

A

formants represent peaks; higher fundamental frequency means less spectral density - harmonics are whole number multiples, lower Fo = harmonics closer together, higher Fo = harmonics more spaced out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

thyroarytenoid

A

body of the VF; responsible for subtle pitch changes; isometric function is longitudinally stretching VF to increase pitch, isotonic function is thyroid and arytenoids move in, relaxing TA to decrease pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cricoarytenoid

A

responsible for more dramatic pitch changes via rocking and gliding; pars recta passively stretches TA by rocking; pars oblique passively stretches TA by gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lateral cricothyroid

A

adducts the membranous portion of the VF (anterior 2/3); responsible for medial compression, or how tightly the VF close at midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

interarytenoids

A

adduct the cartilaginous portion of the VF (posterior 1/3); 2 muscles - transverse and oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid

A

abducts the cartilaginous portion of the VF; only laryngeal abductor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

indirect laryngoscopy

A

uses dental mirror in the back of the throat; pre-technology visualization technique; can see if VF are straight and white (what ENTs care about)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

laryngeal endoscopy with flexible scope

A

camera/wire through the nose; used for those who cannot tolerate rigid scope; patient can phonate bc camera is not in mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

direct laryngoscopy

A

done by ENTs for cancer biopsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ultra-high-speed photography

A

first method to see VF actually vibrating; camera pulled film fast then played back slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

laryngeal video stroboscopy

A

camera hooked up to Fo censor worn by patient; snapped images at different points throughout VF vibration cycle and played back together; with strobe light looked like a continuous cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

high-speed video endoscopy

A

latest technology; independent of Fo, catches VF vibrating and slows it down

24
Q

breathy onset

A

VF open with unmodulated airflow when phonation begins

25
abrupt onset
aka glottal attack; VF are closed when phonation begins, airflow starts after building up subglottal pressure; actually hear the beginning of phonation
26
simultaneous onset
ideal; VF return to midline and phonation begins with controlled airflow
27
epithelial layer of lamina propria
thin, shiny mucosal layer; what we actually see vibrating; just follows whatever is going on underneath
28
superficial layer of lamina propria
like gelatin; most active layer in vibration; also called Reinke's Space
29
intermediate layer of lamina propria
elastic fibers that help the VF return to rest position after longitudinal stretching
30
deep layer of lamina propria
contains collagenous fibers; no active role in vibration, supportive structure
31
3 perceptual voice qualities
breathy: incomplete closure, aperiodic vibration harsh: complete closure aperiodic vibration hoarse: incomplete closure, aperiodic vibration
32
4 objective measures of voice quality
jitter, shimmer, harmonics to noise, cepstral peak analysis
33
jitter
short-term perturbation of pitch, long-term version is amplitude
34
shimmer
perturbation of amplitude; no short-term vs long-term
35
harmonics to noise
measure of the energy in frequencies between the harmonics compared with the harmonic energy; want high signal to noise ratio, or strong harmonics compared to background noise
36
cepstral peak analysis
voice quality measure of connected speech; has valid norms, easier to obtain, better reflects voice quality in everyday voice, better corresponds to listener perception
37
phonatory threshold pressure
amount of pressure that is required to blow the VF apart for the first cycle of vibration; singer will have higher PTP before warming up
38
intraoral pressure transducer
measures subglottal pressure by measuring intraoral pressure on /p/, calibrated with a manometer
39
Psg direct measure
pressure censor tube below level of the VF through tracheal puncture
40
ideal Psg for speech
5-10 cmH2O, but can range up to 40cmH2O
41
eliciting fundamental frequency range
ideally 2 octaves or 24 semitones take best of 3 trials, provide instruction and models instruct client to say "ah" and glide as low as possible 3x instruct client to say "ah" and glide as high as possible 3x
42
eliciting maximum phonation time
ideally 15-20 seconds tell client: whenever you're ready, take a deep breath and say "ah" in a normal, comfortable voice and hold it as long as you can
43
eliciting loudness range
ideally 20-30 dBSPL elicit "ah" as quiet as possible elicit "ah" as loud as possible without screaming if think client can go louder, cue with a model
44
newborn laryngeal anatomy
larynx higher in the neck - less space for for food/liquid to get lost, more direct path to esophagus arytenoids are large & cartilaginous portion of VF are 1/2 the length - when PCA contracts, VF open quick so baby can breathe easy lamina propria is not differentiated between layers membranous length of VF is 2mm at birth
45
laryngeal changes with older childhood
by 4, superficial layer of lamina propria is differentiated from intermediate/deep level by 6-15, all layers of lamina propria are separated for first 20 years, VF grow .7mm/yr in males and .4mm/yr in females by 16, larynx structures are adult-like voice matures around 20 and is steady until 60yo
46
boys & laryngeal changes with puberty
begins around 12-13, done around 15-18 lower pitches tend to be more stable than upper pitches most active changes occur within 1yr
47
girls & laryngeal changes with puberty
less obvious than boys increased breathiness with occasional cracking lower Fo less accurate pitch production when singing caused by changes in resonance with facial changes, descent of larynx, increased circumference of chest wall
48
female Fo decreases with age
caused by lamina propria changes adding mass superficial layer becomes edematous intermediate layer's elastin fibers atrophy deep layer's collagen increases in size and density
49
male Fo increases with age
caused by loss of mass in the thyroarytenoid muscle
50
male-female coalescence theory
hormone changes associated with menopause reverse some of the hormonal differences that occur at puberty
51
where do vocal nodules grow
midpoint of anterior 2/3 of VF because of high lateral excursion at that point
52
what voice quality will very active lateral cricoarytenoid muscles produce
harshness because they are responsible for medial compression
53
shimmer gives information about...
consistency of vocal fold opening in cycle of vibration
54
3 vocal registers
3 modes of vibration modal register, pulse register, falsetto
55
modal register
chest register, most commonly heard in speech
56
pulse register
vocal fry, lowest register, often at the end of utterances - not bad for you if true vocal fry; very low subglottal pressure, if you increase you'll flip into modal register
57
falsetto
very high, rarely heard in conversational speech; only thin edge of VF are vibrating; very low subglottal pressure, minimal vibration

speech science (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions