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Passive care exam 2 > laser > Flashcards

laser Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what does laser stand for?

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

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2
Q

what measurement are visible light wavelengths and what are the colors seen?

A

400-700nm
violet-red
infrared
ultraviolet

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3
Q

higher frequency= higher energy; which rays cause ionization?

A

x-rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet

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4
Q

light is transmitted as waves and is packaged as _____?

A

photons

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5
Q

what is spontaneous emission?

A

giving up energy

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6
Q

laser production needs what type of environment?

A

environment with unlimited excited ions

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7
Q

what is the term for the number of excited ions outweighing the number at grounded state?

A

population inversion

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8
Q

what causes population inversion and is the application of an external source of power to lasing medium?

A

pumping

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9
Q

what are the 5 things needed for the production of laser?

A
  1. pumping of active medium
  2. population inversion
  3. spontaneous emission
  4. stimulated emission
  5. amplification
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10
Q

what is the term for same wavelength and all in phase?

A

coherence

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11
Q

what is the term for a single color with the same wavelength?

A

monochromatic

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12
Q

when photons move in a parallel fashion and don’t diverge its called?

A

collimation

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13
Q

longer wavelength with lower frequency =

A

deeper penetration

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of lasers?

A

gas
solid
semiconductor
liquid

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15
Q

what is a semiconductor or diode type laser?

A

2 layers of material in a silicon matrix with the layer interface reflective

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16
Q

what is the therapeutic window for laser?

A

632.8-905 nm

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17
Q

what are the wavelengths for visible red?

A

600-700nm

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18
Q

what are the wavelengths for near infrared?

A

700-905nm

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19
Q

as the concentration of melanin or hemoglobin increase, the depth of penetration of light ______?

A

decreases

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20
Q

the wavelength of light will determine the overall _____ of penetration the photons will attain

A

depth

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21
Q

which type of laser was a gas laser originally and now a semiconductor with a wavelength of 632nm?

A

HeNe- more superficial

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22
Q

which laser has a wavelength of 630-700nm?

A

Indium-Galium-Aluminum-Phosphide

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23
Q

which laser is a longer wavelength of 904nm?

A

gallium-arsenide

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24
Q

with laser treatment you should cover each square centimeter of the treatment area what is this called?

A

gridding technique

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25
an alternate method is the scanning technique, how far do you hold the laser from the patient?
5-10 mm from skin
26
what are the 4 laws discussed?
Arndt-Schultz Grotthuss-Draper Inverse square Lambert's cosine
27
photobiostimulation uses lower or higher doses of laser?
lower
28
photobioinhibition uses lower or higher doses of laser?
higher
29
with photobiomodulation photochemical effects are not from heating tissue but from absorption of?
photons of light by cells
30
what are molecules that accept energy from photons?
chromophores
31
what are respiratory chain enzymes in the mitochondria that are sensitive to light photons?
cytochromes
32
what are the 3 cellular mechanisms of laser?
1. changes in Na-K channel 2. Increase in intracellular Ca 3. The Ca++ flux affects levels of cyclic nucleotides which modulate DNA and RNA synthesis which in turn modulates cell proliferation (biostimulation )
33
what are the biological effects of LLLT?
``` enhancement of ATP synthesis Stabilization of cellular membrane temperature modulation enhanced lymphocyte response reduced IL-1 prostaglandin conversion into prostacyclin increased leukocyte activity vasodilation via increased histamine, NO, serotonin ```
34
when photons are absorbed by tissues what is stimulated?
metabolic processes and cell proliferation through synthesis of nucleic acids and enhanced cell division
35
when photons are absorbed by tissues it also alters molecular-level activity. What does this affect?
ETC increased ATP synthesis decreased of intracellular pH
36
what is the process where a chain of chemical reactions is stimulated by exposure to light?
photostimulation or photobiomodulation
37
with photostimulation what happens to the cell?
it is provided with more energy and in optimum condition to play its part in the healing process
38
stimulation of the respiratory ETC results in what 2 major events?
1. light changes the Redox status of mitochondria which leads to enhanced ATP synthesis 2. activation of Na/K pump alters the cell membrane permeability to the flow of calcium
39
what effects are due to interaction of photons with cytochromes?
primary effects
40
what effects include cell proliferation, protein synthesis, degranulation, growth factor secretion, myofibroblast contraction and neurotransmitter modification depending on cell type and sensitivity?
secondary effects
41
what effect is least predictable because they depend on both variable environmental factors and intercellular interactions?
tertiary effects
42
primary, secondary and tertiary effects summate to produce _______?
phototherapeutic activity
43
what are the indications for laser therapy?
``` wound healing TMD myofascial pain osteoarthritis RA tendinopathy trigger points epicondylitis neck and LBP ```
44
what type of laser does the AHC use?
vectra genisys laser
45
what type of laser does the CHC use?
microlight ML-830
46
what are the different classes of laser?
``` Class I- invisible (laser printers, CD players) Class 1M Class II- low power Class III- moderate risk Class IV-high powered ```
47
which class of laser has a wavelength of 302.5-4000 nm and is safe except when used with optical aids?
Class 1M
48
which class is a visible laser that is hazardous if directed continually into the eye?
Class II
49
which class has a moderate risk to the retina but not the skin or tissues, must wear protective eyewear?
Class III
50
which class can cause damage to the eyes, skin burns and is a fire hazard?
Class IV- high powered; research labs, surgery, photothermal
51
light reflex response is absent with wavelengths over?
700nm
52
protective eyewear is required with what classes of laser devices?
Class IIIb and Class IV
53
what are the contraindications?
``` cancer pregnancy- abdomen and pelvis direct exposure to eyes areas over active hemorrhage over thyroid gland directly over open wounds epileptic patients ```
54
what are the precautions with laser?
``` infection testicles sympathetic ganglia, vagus nerve, cardiac region in those with heart disease open growth plates bruises photosensitive patients ```
55
what is dose measured in and dependent on (4)
Joules2 1. output of the laser in mWatts 2. number of diodes 3. time of exposure in seconds 4. beam surface area of the laser in cm2
56
which laser uses pulses or bursts of energy with higher peak power and less thermal effects?
super pulsed laser
57
the pulses of a super pulsed laser are the frequency of the laser emission NOT the ______
wavelength
58
what are 2 benefits of a super pulsed laser?
more directed energy delivery to target tissue | greater safety and enhanced clinical outcomes
59
the basic effect of a super pulsed laser irradiation is a ____ thermal influence with a ____ energy density
low; high
60
lower range of frequencies (0.25-500 Hz) are termed ____
bio-stimulatory
61
lower frequencies are used for:
repair and regeneration of tissue immune response anti-inflammatory effects
62
with super pulsed lasers frequency is defined as
the number of impulses per second
63
biological reactions are not only dictated by dose, but the rate at which the energy is delivered. this is called?
arndt schultz principle
64
what frequency and treatment time is used with an acute injury?
5-1000 Hz | 3 minutes
65
smaller more frequent and localized doses are used with?
acute injuries
66
acute conditions usually shows results within
1-2 treatments
67
chronic conditions usually need how many treatments to show results?
3-4

Passive care exam 2 (6 decks)

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