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Question 0

Which 2 molecules are needed to form a lactase synthetase complex, essential for milk sugar synthesis to convert glucose to lactose?

Answer 0

alpha-lactalbumin and galactosyltransferase

Question 1

At what weeks of gestation are CVS and amniocentesis performed?

Answer 1

CVS - 10-12wks

Amniocentesis - over 15 wks

Question 2

What is a cystocele?

Answer 2

The bladder herniates into the vagina due to a tear of the tough fibrous wall during childbirth.

Question 3

What is the alveolar gas equation?

Answer 3

PAO2 = PiO2 - (PaCO2/RQ (=0.8))

PAO2 - PaO2 should be less than 1.5 with adequate exchange.

Question 4

How do superoxide radicals cause vascular damage?

Answer 4

React with NO to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO) which reduces NO available (therefore vasoconstriction) and damages in its own right.

Question 5

What is the name of the most common high grade Intraepithelial neoplasia in the epidermis?

Answer 5

Bowen’s disease

Question 6

What are the 3 basophilic cell types in the ant pit?

Answer 6

Corticotrophs, Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs

Question 7

Before how many weeks gestation is considered preterm?

Answer 7

37

Question 8

What is fetal fibronectin and what is its leakage a sign of?

Answer 8

A glycoprotein ‘glue’ that binds the chorion to the decidua. Sign of preterm delivery

Question 9

Which muscles are found in the deep perineal pouch?

Answer 9

Deep transverse perineal muscle,
External urethral sphincter
Compressor urethrae
Urethrovaginal sphincter

Question 10

What muscles are found in the superficial perineal pouch?

Answer 10

Superficial transverse perineal muscle, ischiocavnosus and bulbospongiosus

Question 11

What is measured as a tumour marker of ovarian cancer?

Answer 11

CD125

Question 12

What scale is used for pubertal rating?

Answer 12

Tanner scale

Question 13

Which proto-oncogene mutation is associated with MEN2?

Answer 13

RET gene

Question 14

What does a mutation in the APC tumour suppressor gene lead to?

Answer 14

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Question 15

Approx how many days does spermatogenesis take?

Answer 15

64

Question 16

What do the paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts become in each gender?

Answer 16

Mesonephric - epididymis and ductus deferens/degenerates in female
Paramesonephric - degenerate in male/uterine tubes and fuse to form uterus

Question 17

What is the equivalent of a male germ cell seminoma in a female?

Answer 17

Dysgerminoma

Question 18

What are 2 tumour markers of non-seminomatous tumours (usually only found in embryo)

Answer 18

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and b-hCG

Question 19

What is the tumour marker for seminomas?

Answer 19

Placental alkaline phosphate (PLAP)

Question 20

What is the tumour marker for prostate cancer?

Answer 20

PSA - prostate specific antigen

Question 21

State 4 circumstances under which autoantibodies may form

Answer 21

Failure to delete self-reactive T cells in the thymus
Tissue damage uncovers a nemo antigen that the immune system doesn’t recognise as ‘self’
Tissue damage provides a ‘danger’ signal that acts as a co-stimulatory signal to the CD4 cells
Loss of regulatory T cells that normally control CD4 cells

Question 22

State 4 ways in which autoantibodies damage tissues

Answer 22

Complement-mediated lysis - AABs bind and allow complement fixation
Opsonisation - AABs bind and trigger phagocytosis
Alteration of receptors - up or down regulation
Deposition of immune complexes - leads to complement activation

Question 23

What 4 things are patients on dialysis additionally given?

Answer 23

Phosphate binders (calcium, aluminium etc)
Active Vit D
EPO
Antihypertensives

Question 24

What is 'corrected conc of Ca'?

Answer 24

What the Ca would be if the plasma conc of albumin was normal. Allows for estimate of free Ca based upon measurement of total Ca.

Question 25

State four situations where ICSI is useful.

Answer 25

Low sperm count or motility Abnormal morphology Previous IVF with no or low fertilisation Frozen/testicular/epididymal sperm

Question 26

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 26

Incorrect number of chromosomes

Question 27

What are the two methods of freezing embryos?

Answer 27

Slow: 15-20% pregnancy rate, no option to freeze eggs Vitrification: 95% survive, much higher pregnancy rate

Question 28

What are the layers of the spermatic cord, from sup to deep?

Answer 28

``` Ext spermatic fascia (EO) Cremaster muscle and fascia (IO and TA) Internal spermatic fascia (TA fascia) Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa ```

Question 29

From which three sources is the arterial supply of the adrenal gland?

Answer 29

Inf phrenic Lateral branch of ab aorta Renal artery

Question 30

By which three arteries is the prostate supplied?

Answer 30

Inf vesical Middle rectal Pudendal

Question 31

What are the three fascias layers of post ab wall?

Answer 31

Thoracolumbar, Psoas Transversalis

Question 32

Which muscle covers each crus of the penis?

Answer 32

Ischiocavernosus

Question 33

What are the three parts that make up the adenohypophysis? Where are they each?

Answer 33

``` Pars distalis (main body) Pars intermedia (between ant and post lobe) Pars tuberalis (stalk) ```

Question 34

What are Herring bodies?

Answer 34

Aggregations of neurosecretory vesicles in the post pit.

Question 35

What do each of the layers of adrenal cortex look like histologically?

Answer 35

G - closely packed small round cells F - large cells arranged in cords R - small, darkly staining cells

Question 36

To which dermatomes is kidney pain referred?

Answer 36

T10-11

Question 37

What type of epithelium forms the thyroid follicles?

Answer 37

Simple cuboidal

Question 38

Where is the thyroid ima artery?

Answer 38

Runs up from brachiocephalic to thyroid, not always present

Question 39

What are the 5 ligaments between lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 39

``` Ant longitudinal (down ant surfaces) Post longitudinal Interspinous (between spinous processes) Supraspinous (between tips of spines) Ligamentum flavum (between each lamina) ```