Last Bio Testtttt

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

1. Changes in traits over time -> micro evolution
2. changes in characteristics in populations over time
   = development of new type of organism over time
   -> macro evolution

Question 2

Which evolution theory is challenged?

Answer 2

1. changes in traits are widely accepted
2. changes in characteristics
   => development of new types organisms over time
   => development of new species:
3. contradicts the bible (if read literally)
4. mankind did not emerge from apes!

Question 3

religion

Answer 3

• truth already found
• dogma (truth is not allowed to be questioned)
• pattern is defined
new discoveries -> discoveries adapted to pattern

Question 4

science

Answer 4

• still looking for it
observation!
-> looking for patterns

new discoveries -> pattern adopt to discoveries

Question 5

religion 2

Answer 5

being with intentions
meaning of life

we have a soul!

Question 6

science 2

Answer 6

mechanism
no purpose
cognito, ergo sun (ich denke)
is not explained

Question 7

Adaption

Answer 7

(process!)

changes in traits in population over time

(in order to fit better into a specific environment)

Question 8

variation

Answer 8

appearance of different traits in population

Question 9

selection

Answer 9

adapted individuals survive while the poorly adapted die

Question 10

fitness

Answer 10

hereditary contribution to the next generation

Question 11

mutation

Answer 11

spontaneous change of the hereditary substance

Question 12

Lamarck’s idea

Answer 12

Individuals acquire traits over their lifetime:

-> change in one generation. Change acquired actively

Question 13

Darwin’s idea

Answer 13

Selection happens over generations. Change happens passively.

Question 14

Characteristics

Answer 14

phenotype of a gene (eg. eye colour)

Question 15

Trait

Answer 15

variation of characteristic (blue eyes)

Question 16

evolution (macro)

Answer 16

The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time.

Question 17

theory in science

Answer 17

a well supported explanation incorporating observations.

Question 18

bird characteristics

Answer 18

opposing toe
s-shaped neck
feathers
beak

Question 19

reptile characteristics

Answer 19

claws
tibia & fibula
tail bone

Question 20

Phylogeny

Answer 20

describes the relationships by ancestry among groups of organisms

Question 21

location of the ‘Cradle of Mankind’

Answer 21

Dolomit South africa near Johannisburg

Question 22

Dolomite

Answer 22

known to preserve fossils

bc it’s full of lime (calc) which is washed out over the years

caves/ holes are formed

Question 23

How is the fossil-preserving material formed?

Answer 23

Calc-sinster is formed when minerals are precipitated out of the water

Question 24

Taung Baby

Answer 24

2 mio years old

Australopithecus Africanus

Question 25

Dating methods Stratigraphy

Answer 25

Every layer of rock (stratum) correlates to a specific era in history. When a fossil is found, the stratum it is buried in indicates the era of the fossil.

Question 26

Dating methods Uniformitariansm (= actualism)

Answer 26

Geological process that can be observed nowdays had the same effect in times past ex: every year 1mm of sediment is deposed - > 1m sediment = 1'000 years

Question 27

catastrophism

Answer 27

cuvier postulated that fossils originated from (biblical disasters) -> the flood

Question 28

Faunistic age determination

Answer 28

the hominid fossils are compared to animal fossils from the same finding site / strata -> cross check with other dating methods

Question 29

palaeomagnetism

Answer 29

the magnetic rocks provide a record of past changes of Earth's magnetic field, giving a time-scale for the fossils. One switch of the magnetic field indicates ~ 250'000 years

Question 30

biochemical dating methods

Answer 30

The comparative analysis of DNA and other biochemical molecules (oldest RNA founds 425'000 years old!)

Question 31

The find of the century

Answer 31

Malapa

Question 32

How did scientists know where to look for fossils?

Answer 32

(google earth) | Olive stinkwood grows on humid locations where pits are calc-sinter deposits are likely to be found.

Question 33

Australopithecus Sediba

Answer 33

the famous link between the genus australopithecus and the genus homo and was found in 2009/2010 in Malapa, South-Africa

Question 34

Australopithecus Sediba's characteristics

Answer 34

it features both characteristics from the A. Africans and H. Erectus

Question 35

Why is it of special value?

Answer 35

Not only did they find several bones, but two skeletons were almost complete Discover until now: 220 fragments, 6 skeletons in total

Question 36

the importance of the skull

Answer 36

Size age ans shape fits precisely between A. Africans and H. Erectus

Question 37

A. Africanus

Answer 37

cranial capacity: 400 cm3 age: 2.2 M.a. jaws: apelike

Question 38

A. Sediba

Answer 38

cranial capacity: 430 cm3 age: 1,9 M.a. jaws: between ape & human

Question 39

H. Erectus

Answer 39

cranial capacity: 631 cm3 age: 1.6 mio jaws: man-shaped

Question 40

Piltdown human

Answer 40

was found in the south east of England in 1912 nitrogen dating method lead to a dramatic discovery Lower jaw: was of modern area Cranium: originated from the late Pleistocene period

Question 41

convergent evolution

Answer 41

the process by which different species evolve similar traits same environment same adaption analogous: different structures same functions

Question 42

Divergent evolution

Answer 42

is a process in which the descendants of a single ancestor diversify into species that each fit different parts of the environment (specific structure) (between 2 species) different environment different adaption homologous: similar structures different functions

Question 43

Adaptive radiation

Answer 43

like when a new population in a new environment, such as an island, will undergo divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment (the whole process)

Question 44

A. Sediba as a transitional species has characteristics of: A

Answer 44

species A Cusp spacing -> between teeth - flexor, wrist pelvis: four legged

Question 45

A. Sediba as a transitional species has characteristics of: B

Answer 45

mandibles, tooth size clavicle man-shaped long thumb, short fingers pelvis: upright

Question 46

taxonomy

Answer 46

the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

Question 47

homologous

Answer 47

from the Greek homo, meaning "equivalent to" and logos, meaning "relation" or "reason"

Question 48

The phylogenic tree is created using the

Answer 48

the principles of homology

Question 49

Mankind reached America

Answer 49

second and Switzerland first.

Question 50

When mankind spread over the globe, this is called

Answer 50

adaptive radiation

Question 51

How science works

Answer 51

it is based on observations | mechanisms are explained

Question 52

1. How was the peppered moth studies performed (experiment)?

Answer 52

1. different traits (difference in the phenotype) but both forms belong to the same species! gene that is responsible for the color of the peppered moth is the protein melanin and exists in two variations high melanin production -> black color only few melanin -> white months with some black specks How the experiment took place: Moths of both forms have been bred, marked and then released. After some time, the moths were lured with bright lights during the night and recaptured. The number of recaptured animals has been counted.

Question 53

2. What was the result?

Answer 53

Black Moths appear in cities whereas withes in nature due to the industrial revolution

Question 54

3. Why is it no proof of evolution?

Answer 54

Because a proof of evolution needs many experiments and observations one is not enough. Plus it only explains the micro evolution ( changes in traits in populations over time)

Question 55

4. How is a variation important for the process of natural selection?

Answer 55

Because the ones that adopt better to their environment are the ones to survive.

Question 56

Why is it possible to find fossils in regions with dolomite? Explain two reasons (What preserves them for so long?)

Answer 56

1. It is rich in calc which over the years is washed out and caves and holes are formed. That can trap remains of animals. 2. calc-sinter is formed then minerals are precipitated out of the water and preserves the fossils.