last chance Flashcards
(38 cards)
Active voice:
The subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb.
Example: “The dog (subject) chased (verb) the cat.”
Passive voice:
Passive voice: The subject of the sentence receives the action expressed by the verb.
Example: “The cat (subject) was chased (verb) by the dog.”
Modal aux
Modal auxiliary: Refers to a type of auxiliary verb that expresses modality, including possibility, necessity, permission, ability, or obligation.
Examples of modal auxiliary verbs in English include “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “must,” and “ought to.” These verbs modify the meaning of the main verb in a sentence to indicate the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state.
Dummy do:
Refers to the use of the auxiliary verb “do” in questions, negatives, or emphatic statements where it serves a syntactic role without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example: “Do you like ice cream?” (dummy do used for question formation)Pl
Pleonastic do
Pleonastic do: Refers to the use of “do” for emphasis or syntactic completeness in affirmative statements.
Example: “I do like ice cream.” (pleonastic do used for emphasis)
Habitual aspect:
Habitual aspect: Describes actions or events that occur regularly, repeatedly, or habitually. It indicates ongoing patterns of behavior rather than specific actions at a particular moment.
Example: “She reads books every evening.” (habitual action expressed with simple present tense)
Perfect aspect:
Indicates the completion or result of an action at a specific point in time or in relation to another event. It focuses on the state resulting from an action rather than the action itself.
Example: “She has finished her homework.” (indicating completion with present perfect tense)
Progressive aspect:
indicates ongoing, continuous, or in-progress actions at a specific time. It emphasizes the action’s duration or temporariness.
Example: “She is studying for her exam.” (indicating ongoing action with present progressive tense)
Complement of the preposition: .
Refers to the noun phrase, pronoun, or clause that follows a preposition and completes its meaning by providing additional information about location, time, direction, possession, or other relationships.
Example: In the phrase “in the house,” “the house” is the complement of the preposition “in,” indicating the location
Modifier of the verb:
Refers to an adverb or adverbial phrase that describes or adds detail to the action or state expressed by the verb. It provides information about how, when, where, or to what extent the action or state occurs.
Example: In “She quickly ran to the store,” “quickly” is the modifier of the verb “ran,” indicating how she performed the action of running.
Direct object:
Receives the action of the verb directly. It answers the question “what” or “whom” after the verb.
Example: In “She bought a book,” “a book” is the direct object of the verb “bought.”
Indirect object:
Receives the direct object or is affected by the action indirectly. It answers the question “to whom” or “for whom/what” after the verb.
Example: In “She gave him a gift,” “him” is the indirect object that tells us to whom the gift was given.
Subjective complement:
Follows a linking verb and describes or renames the subject of the sentence. It can be a predicate noun (nominative) or predicate adjective (attributive).
Example: In “She is a doctor,” “doctor” is the subjective complement that renames the subject “She.”
Modifier of the noun:
Refers to an adjective or adjectival phrase that describes or provides additional information about a noun. It specifies the characteristics, qualities, or attributes of the noun.
Example: In “the tall building,” “tall” is the modifier of the noun “building,” describing its height.
Complement of the adjective:
Refers to a word or phrase that follows an adjective and completes its meaning by providing additional information or specifying the quality described by the adjective. It can be a noun, pronoun, or adjective complement.
Example: In “She seems happy,” “happy” is complemented by the adjective “happy,” indicating the state of being.
Subject:
The subject of a sentence is the person, thing, or entity that performs the action described by the verb or that is described by the predicate. It is typically a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that indicates who or what the sentence is about.
Example: In “She sings beautifully,” “She” is the subject of the sentence, performing the action of singing.
Prepositions:
Particles
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns and other elements.
Example: “She is in the house.”
Particles: Modify verbs to change their meaning.
Example: “She looked up the word.”
Clausal subjects:
Refers to a whole clause that acts as the subject of a sentence.
Example: “That he arrived late was disappointing.” (Here, “That he arrived late” is the clausal subject of the sentence.)
Subordinate clause:
A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and functions as part of a larger sentence, often dependent on a main clause.
Example: “Although it was raining, they went for a walk.” (Here, “Although it was raining” is a subordinate clause that adds information to the main clause “they went for a walk.”)
Relative clause:
Provides additional information about a noun in the sentence and begins with a relative pronoun (e.g., who, which, that).
Example: “The book that you lent me is excellent.” (Here, “that you lent me” is a relative clause describing “the book.”)
Complement clause:
Functions as a complement to a verb, adjective, or noun in the sentence and completes its meaning.
Example: “She said that she would come.” (Here, “that she would come” is a complement clause completing the verb “said.”)
Tensed
To-infinitival
Bare infinitival
Participial
Tensed: Refers to verbs that show time through inflection, such as past, present, or future tense.
Example: “She sings beautifully.” (Present tense)
To-infinitival: Refers to the infinitive form of a verb preceded by “to.”
Example: “She likes to sing.” (To-infinitival phrase with “to sing”)
Bare infinitival: Refers to the infinitive form of a verb without “to.”
Example: “I saw her sing.” (Bare infinitival phrase with “sing”)
Participial: Refers to a verb form that functions as an adjective or adverb, typically ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle).
Example: “The running water is refreshing.” (Present participial phrase with “running”)
wh-clause
complements.
Refers to a clause introduced by a wh-word (such as who, what, where, when, why, how) that functions as a complement to a verb, adjective, or noun in a sentence. Wh-clause complements provide additional information or specify details related to the main clause.
Clause
A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb) and can function as a complete sentence (independent clause) or as part of a larger sentence (dependent clause).
Example:
Independent Clause: “She sings beautifully.” (Here, “She sings beautifully” is an independent clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence.)
Dependent Clause: “When she sings, everyone listens.” (Here, “When she sings” is a dependent clause that cannot stand alone and depends on the rest of the sentence for meaning.)
