Last exam definitions and names for vitamins!!!

Question 1

Antacids

Answer 1

Basic compounds composed of different combinations of acid-neutralizing ionic salts (Al, Ca, Mg, Na)

Question 2

Bicarbonate

Answer 2

Buffers acidity of hydrochloric acid

Question 3

Chief cells

Answer 3

Cells in the stomach that secrete the gastric enzyme pepsinogen (a precursor to pepsin)

Question 4

Gastric glands

Answer 4

Secretory glands in the stomach containing the following cell types: parietal, chief, mucous, endocrine, and enterochromaffin

Question 5

Gastric hyperacidity

Answer 5

The overproduction of stomach acid

Question 6

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Answer 6

An acid secreted by the parietal cells in the lining of the stomach that maintains the environment of the stomach at a pH of 1 to 4

Question 7

Mucous cells

Answer 7

Cells whose function in the stomach is to secrete mucus that serves as a protective mucous coat against the digestive properties of HCl. Also called surface epithelial cells

Question 8

Parietal cells

Answer 8

Cells in the stomach that produce and secrete HCl. These cells are the primary site of action for many of the drugs used to treat acid-related disorders

Question 9

Pepsin

Answer 9

An enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins

Question 10

Prostaglandins

Answer 10

Prevent histamine from binding to its corresponding parietal cell receptors, inhibiting production of adenylate cyclase

Question 11

Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 11

A recurring condition of the intestinal tract characterized by bloating, flatulence, and often periods of diarrhea that alternate with periods of constipation

Question 12

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

Answer 12

The area of the brain that is involved in the sensation of nausea and the action of vomiting

Question 13

Vomiting center

Answer 13

The area of the brain that is involved in stimulating the physiologic events that lead to nausea and vomiting

Question 14

Beriberi

Answer 14

A disease of the peripheral nerves cause by a dietary deficiency of thiamine (Vitamin B1). Symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, edema, heart failure, and disturbed nerve function

Question 15

Coenzyme

Answer 15

A nonprotein substance that combines with a protein molecule to form an active enzyme

Question 16

Enzymes

Answer 16

Specialized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

Question 17

Minerals

Answer 17

Inorganic substances that are ingested and attach to enzymes or other organic molecules

Question 18

Pellagra

Answer 18

A disease resulting from a deficiency of niacin or a metabolic defect that interferes with the conversion of tryptophan to niacin (Vitamin B3)

Question 19

Rhodopsin

Answer 19

The purple pigment in the rods of the retina, formed by a protein, opsin, and a derivative of retinol (Vitamin A)

Question 20

Rickets

Answer 20

A condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D

Question 21

Scurvy

Answer 21

A condition resulting from a deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Question 22

Tocopherols

Answer 22

Biologically active chemicals that make up vitamin E compounds

Question 23

Vitamins

Answer 23

Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiologic and metabolic functioning of the body

Question 24

vitamin C

Answer 24

ascorbic acid

Question 25

vitamin D

Answer 25

calcifediol, calcitriol, dihydrotachysterol, ergocalciferol

Question 26

vitamin B12

Answer 26

cyanocobalamin

Question 27

vitamin B3

Answer 27

niacin

Question 28

vitamin B6

Answer 28

pyridoxine

Question 29

vitamin B2

Answer 29

riboflavin

Question 30

vitamin B1

Answer 30

thiamine

Question 31

vitamin A

Answer 31

retinol

Question 32

vitamin K

Answer 32

phytonadione

Question 33

Adsorption

Answer 33

involves the chemical binding of substances (ions, toxins) onto the surface of the adsorbent (as opposed to penetration of a substance into the interior structure- absorption)