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Question 1

Which of the following is (are) major sources of the carbon dioxide now being added to the atmosphere in excess of the amount taken out by plants?
a. loss of soil organic matter
b.destruction of natural forests
c. burning of fossil fuels
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

Answer 1

d. all of the above

Question 2

The process of ________ releases soluble nitrogen as the result of the breakdown of nitrogen-rich organic compounds.

Answer 2

mineralization

Question 3

The thaw of permafrost will release a lot of carbon to the atmosphere because

Answer 3

permafrost soils contain a lot of soil organic matter and when they thaw, microbes can decompose this carbon to CO2 and, or CH4

Question 4

Under natural vegetation, about 60 to 90% of soil organic matter is ________.

Answer 4

in the passive fraction

Question 5

Which form of nitrogen can be taken up by the roots of plants that do NOT live in symbiosis with N-fixing microorganisms?

Answer 5

ammonium and nitrate

Question 6

True or false: Well-aerated soils enriched with organic amendments can help reduce the methane load in the atmosphere.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

One would expect well-drained soils to have the highest organic matter contents where the climate is ________.

Answer 7

cool and humid

Question 8

Soil organic matter consists of ________.
a. living organisms and cells
b. dead tissues and wastes
c. identifiable biomolecules
d. polymerized, non-identifiable molecules
e. all of the above

Answer 8

e. all of the above

Question 9

Which one of the following reservoirs contains the largest amount of the world’s carbon?

Answer 9

soil

Question 10

Alcohols, methane and organic acids of various kinds often accumulate as a result of ________ decomposition of residues in soil.

Answer 10

anaerobic

Question 11

True or false: Soil organic matter consists mainly of complex microbially produced supermolecule polymers known as humic substances.

Answer 11

false

Question 12

According to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 (formerly known as the Business-as-Usual scenario), global surface temperature at the end of this century will be ________________ at the beginning of this century.

Answer 12

about 3-5 degrees celsius higher than

Question 12

According to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 (formerly known as the Business-as-Usual scenario), global surface temperature at the end of this century will be ________________ at the beginning of this century.

Answer 12

about 3-5 degrees celsius higher than

Question 13

Nitrogen is a component of which essential plant compounds
a. enzymes
b. DNA
c. proteins
d. chlorophyll
e. all of the above

Answer 13

e. all of the above

Question 14

True or false: As decomposition of added organic material proceeds, the C/N ratio in the remaining undecomposed material steadily increases.

Answer 14

false

Question 15

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas contributed to the atmosphere by soils?

Answer 15

carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides

Question 16

How large are the annual fluxes of CO2 between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere (photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration)?

Answer 16

about 120 Pg C per year

Question 17

True or false: Denitrification is a major output of nitrogen from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. This leaky pathway produces a powerful greenhouse and ozone-layer-depleting gas. The process is most rapid when soils are warm, moist, and aerated.

Answer 17

false

Question 18

True or false: Denitrification is a major output of nitrogen from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. This leaky pathway produces a powerful greenhouse and ozone-layer-depleting gas. The process is most rapid when soils are warm, moist, and aerated.

Answer 18

false

Question 19

Soils with thick horizons consisting mainly (> 30% by weight) of organic matter and that form in topographic depressions or low-lying places usually belong to the order ________.

Answer 19

histosols

Question 20

What is the Haber-Bosch process?

Answer 20

process for creating fertilizers

Question 21

As a group, fungi are _____.

Answer 21

decomposers

Question 22

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.

Answer 22

surroundings

Question 23

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____.

Answer 23

meiosis

Question 24

___ is the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium. It converts ammonium to nitrogen gas using nitrate as an electron acceptor.

Answer 24

annamox

Question 25

air pollutant forms of nitrogen

Answer 25

nitric oxide ammonia

Question 26

water pollutant forms of nitrogen

Answer 26

nitrate

Question 27

greenhouse gas forms of nitrogen

Answer 27

nitrous oxide

Question 28

not a reactive form of nitrogen

Answer 28

nitrogen gas

Question 29

Which form of nitrogen can be taken up by the roots of plants that do NOT live in symbiosis with N-fixing microorganisms?

Answer 29

ammonium and nitrate

Question 30

Nitric oxide is

Answer 30

NO

Question 31

Nitrate is

Answer 31

NO3-

Question 32

Ammonium is

Answer 32

NH4+

Question 33

Urea is

Answer 33

CH4N2O

Question 34

Nitrate is

Answer 34

NO3-

Question 35

Ammonia is

Answer 35

NH3

Question 36

Nitrogen (or dinitrogen) gas is

Answer 36

N2

Question 37

Nitrous oxide is

Answer 37

N2O

Question 38

Organic nitrogen is

Answer 38

R-NH2

Question 39

NH4+ or NO3- --> R-NH2

Answer 39

immobilization

Question 39

NH4+ or NO3- --> R-NH2

Answer 39

Immobilization

Question 40

R-NH2 --> NH3 --> NH4+

Answer 40

mineralization

Question 41

CH4N2O --> NH4+ --> NH3

Answer 41

volatilization

Question 42

NO3- --> NO2- --> NO --> N2O --> N2

Answer 42

denitrification

Question 43

N2 --> NH3 --> R-NH2

Answer 43

n2 fization

Question 44

NH4+ --> NO2- --> NO3-

Answer 44

nitrification

Question 45

In metapopulation theory, what does P stand for?

Answer 45

proportion of patches occupied

Question 46

Island biogeography theory predicts that a 10-fold increase in area results in

Answer 46

a doubling of species number

Question 47

Which of the following increase connectivity between patches?

Answer 47

corridors

Question 48

True or false: The initial floristic composition hypothesis proposes that the process of succession at any site is dependent on which species arrive first.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

What would likely be true when P = 0.9?

Answer 49

rate of extinction would be high

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of an allogenic change that drives succession?

Answer 50

seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity

Question 51

Which of the following is an autogenic change?

Answer 51

decreased light due to canopy cover

Question 52

True or false: as a patch increases in size, the ratio of interior to edge increases

Answer 52

true

Question 53

When a forest gradually merges into a grassland over a wide area, the border between the two landscape patches is referred to as a(n)

Answer 53

ecotone

Question 54

Beach grass colonizing newly formed sand dunes is

Answer 54

primary succession

Question 55

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts

Answer 55

intermediate disturbance will increase diversity

Question 56

Two patches are connected by a corridor but a species does not utilize it. This is an example of

Answer 56

low functional connectivity

Question 57

Where the edge of one patch meets another is referred to as

Answer 57

a boundary

Question 58

With increasing forest area in a patch, what is more likely to occur?

Answer 58

interior species

Question 59

Which of the following is considered a ruderal species?

Answer 59

one that colonizes well

Question 60

Plants adapted to edge environments tend to be

Answer 60

intolerant of shade and tolerant of dry conditions

Question 61

Chronosequences are useful because one can

Answer 61

view several seres in one region

Question 62

Which is an example of secondary succession?

Answer 62

a farmer allows an agricultural field to return to native grassland