last minute

Question 1

HONK

Answer 1

Hyper Osmolar Non Ketotic

Question 2

What is HONK? Why doesn’t it cause DKA?

Answer 2

Relative insulin deficiency seen very occasionally in type 2 DM. There is sufficient insulin to prevent gluconeogenesis and therefore ketoacidosis but not enough to prevent hyperglycaemia

Question 3

Treatment for HONK/HHS

Answer 3

Fluid management, insulin therapy, pottasium management, Monitoring, hourly BSLs, ABG for electrolytes or UEC
continue iv fluids and insulin for 24 hrs after stabilisation
convert to oral hypoglycaemic agents or subcutaneous insulin, education

Question 4

Treatment of DKA

Answer 4

Fluid management, insulin therapy, pottasium management,

Question 5

leukaemia chronic/acute

Answer 5

Acute: rapid and the wbc are immature, Chronic gradual onset, mature wbc

Question 6

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources