Last Minute Tudor revision

Question 1

When was the Act of Ten Articles and what did it do?

Answer 1

1536 - Stated that only 3 sacraments were necessary for slavation. Praying to saints to forgive sins was rejetced but confession praised. Mix of Lutheran and Catholic influences

Question 2

When and what were the first set of royal injunctions?

Answer 2

Pronounced against superstitious beliefs on pilgrimages, relics and images. Required the clergy to teach parishoners about the Ten Articles and the Lord’s Prayer

Question 3

When was the dissolution of the monastries?

Answer 3

1536-40

Question 4

What religious change happened in 1537?

Answer 4

The Bishops Books - restored the other four sacraments at a lower status

Question 5

What and when were the second set of royal injunctions?

Answer 5

1538 - Ordered the removal of images, continuance of baptisms and marraiges and ordered the placing of a large Bible in English in every church

Question 6

What was first published in 1539?

Answer 6

The Great Bible, edited by Cranmer. Distributed to every church

Question 7

When was the Act of Six Articles and what did it do?

Answer 7

1539 - reasserted Catholic doctrine and transubstantiation

Question 8

What was the King’s Book and when was it published?

Answer 8

1543 - revised the Bishop’s Book - it was largely conservative, with some Protestant feaures

Question 9

What was passed in 1547 under Somerset?

Answer 9

• A new Treason Act allowing religious issues to be discussed and removed censorship, allowing Protestant material to be brought to England legally
• An Act was passed to end the practices of masses for souls of teh dead

Question 10

What was introduced in 1549?

Answer 10

The First Book of Common Prayer, written by Cranmer and used for all services. It was enforced by and Act of Uniformity. It translated traditional services into English and was ambigious in relation to the Eucharist using wording which might still allow the belief of transubstantiation

Question 11

What cermonial change to religion happened under Northumberland>

Answer 11

Removal of altars and reforms to Church services

Question 12

What was published in 1552?

Answer 12

A Second Book of Common Prayer, to replace the 1549 one, it was accompanied by another Act of Uniformity and it removed remaining “conservative” ceremonies, gave a Protestant form of baptism, confirmation and Communion, removing ambiguity of 1549.

Question 13

What was published in 1553?

Answer 13

Cranmer’s Forty-Two Articles of Religion, provided an official Protestant statement of doctrine but Edward’s death meant they were never put in

Question 14

Why was the economic position of England poor in 1547?

Answer 14

Following Henry’s expenditure on war, inflation from debasement, a growth of the population and increasing enclosure, decreasing exports of cloth

Question 15

What rebellions were there under Edward and when was it?

Answer 15

1549 - Western Rebellion
1549 - Kett’s Rebellion

Question 16

What was the Western Rebellion prompted by?

Answer 16

• Religious grievances mainly being the First Book of Common Prayer
• The Sheep Tax - a sign of an uncaring govt.

Question 17

What happened with the rebels of the Western Rebellion

Answer 17

They besieged Exeter but were defeated by Lord Russell’s troops in August

Question 18

When and What was Kett’s Rebellion?

Answer 18

In July 1549, a group of rebels led by the tanner Robert Kett captured Norwich. The rebellion was motivatde by - The resentment of enclosure and local frustration.

Question 19

Who suppressed Kett’s Rebellion?

Answer 19

John Dudley - later Duke of Northumberland

Question 20

How did Northumberland try and remedy the situation of the ‘crisis’ of 1549?

Answer 20

He ended foreign wars, reorganised finanical administration and passed a new Poor Law in 1552

Question 21

What did Somerset inherit in terms of foreign relations and what did he chose to do with the situation?

Answer 21

A war with France and Scotland, Somerset chose to continue this despite the costs, hoping to unite Scotland and England with a marriage of Edward Vi and Mary Queen of Scots

Question 22

Where did Somerset have foreign policy success?

Answer 22

The Battle of Pinkie in 1547

Question 23

What did it prove too expensive for Somerset to continue?

Answer 23

Garrisoning border forts in Scotland

Question 24

In what ways was Somerset’s FP a failure?

Answer 24

He was unable to stop the French coming in to Edinburgh and take Mary(Queen of Scots) to France to marry the french heir

Question 25

How did Northumberland respond to the 1549 French threat of invasion?

Answer 25

He negotiated peace, abonded the English garrisons in Scotland and returned Boulogne to the French

Question 26

In what ways was Northumberland’s FP a failure?

Answer 26

It was a big climb-down to just give Boulogne back to the French and give up fighting Scotland

Question 27

What did the 1534 Succession Act do?

Answer 27

• Declared Mary illegitimate
• Stated that succession would lie with Anne’s children

Question 28

What did the 1536 Succession Act do?

Answer 28

• Followed Anne’s execution
• Declared Elizabeth illegitimate
• Stated that in the absence of a male heir he could name his illegitimate son, henry fitzroy, but he died in 1536

Question 29

When and what did the final succession Act under Henry VIII do?

Answer 29

1544
- Re-ligitimised Elizabeth and Mary
- Affirmed Henry’s right to change the succession by will or letters patent

Question 30

How did Henry VIII use nobles?

Answer 30

• Gave property and land so they could exert royal authority eg Suffold given land in Lincolnshire after the rebellion in 1536
• Ensured full loyalty by executing some nobles if suspicious of loyalty eg Duke of Buckingham 1521
• Conferred knighthoods as a sign of favour

Question 31

How did English society change under Henry VIII?

Answer 31

Gentry and Jps grew as land became available from the dissolution.
Standard of living was varied with social and location factors
More peasants were able to buy and own land

Question 32

What was the social impact of religious upheaval under Henry VIII?

Answer 32

• resentment at the dissolution of monastries and attacks on Catholic practices led to a major rebellion - The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
• A huge amount of land transferred from the Church to the Crown but by 1547, two-thirds of this confiscated land had been cheaply sold off to pay for Henry’s foreign policy
• Education suffered because of the loss of monastery schools
• Monks and nuns were unemployed, the impact of monastries in communities, offering jobs, welfare etc was lost

Question 33

How many people were involved in the Lincolnshire Rising and Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 33

40,000

Question 34

What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 34

• Started as a rising in Lincolnshire in Oct 1536 but then a second and more militant rising, the Pilgrimage of Grace, started in the Yorkshire dales and spread around the area.

Question 35

What were teh causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 35

• Religious : Fear of dissolution of monastries and fear about traditional local parishes
• Secular motives: Economic greivances and hatred of nobles like Suffolk given land in Linolnshire

Question 36

What were the Pontefract Articles?

Answer 36

A list of demands made by the rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace. they included religious concerns from common people and clergy and a demand to restore some of the suppressed religious houses. Also had regional demands like for Parliament to meet at York

Question 37

When did the Pilgrimage of Grace take place?

Answer 37

Oct-Dec 1536

Question 38

What was domestic policy centred on under Wolsey’s chancellorship?

Answer 38

Strengthening royal authority and raising finance

Question 39

How did Wolsey change the legal system?

Answer 39

• Court of Chancery (‘fair’ justice in problems relating to enclosure, fields, wills)
• Star Chamber (made the centre of government and the legal system. Heard cases of alleged misconduct)
• Local law officers appointed
• Authority of Crown over regional councils extended

Question 40

How did Wolsey raise finance for the King?

Answer 40

• Set up a network of royal commissioners appointed by himself to raise subsidies
• 1525 Amicable Grant
• Eltham Ordinances in 1526 to reduce royald household expenditure

Question 41

Who did the Pope send to hear the case about Henry’s annulment in 1529?

Answer 41

Cardinal Campeggio

Question 42

What was Wolsey charged with in 1529?

Answer 42

Praemunire

Question 43

How did Cromwell negotiate the movement from papal control to establish royal supremacy in 1532?

Answer 43

• The First Act of Annates, to stop a tax to the papacy when taking up a new position
• Supplication against the Ordinaries accused Bishops of abusing their power
• Submission of the Clergy - the surrender of the Church’s law

Question 44

What was passed in 1534 to establish royal supremacy?

Answer 44

• Act of Succession - Anne’s children
• Act of Supremacy - King declared Supreme Head of the Church in England
• Treason Act - Treaonsbale to call Henry a heretic, brought down Thomas More
• Act in Restraint of Annates - allowed the Annates which had been restrained since 1532 to be transferred from going to the Pope to the King

Question 45

What did the First and Seconf Suppression acts do and when were they?

Answer 45

1536 and 1541
They dissolved the monastries

Question 46

What type of approach did Cromwell have to government?

Answer 46

A more ‘modern’ approach which involved more bureacracy, creating departments and procedures for different areas

Question 47

What are two courts that Cromwell created?

Answer 47

The Court of Augmentations and the Court of First Fruits and Tenths
Both were used to manage Henry VIII’s income from the Church

Question 48

How did Cromwell change the Privy Council?

Answer 48

He reduced it to 20 men who took responsibility for the business of government

Question 49

Which marriages did Cromwell negotiate for Henry VIII?

Answer 49

Jane Seymour and then Anne of Cleves

Question 50

How was government run in Henry’s last years/

Answer 50

A revived form of concillar government dominated by conservatives who wanted to halt further religious change such as Gardiner and Wriothesley

Question 51

What started to intensify as Henry VIII’s health started to detiorate?

Answer 51

Factionalism between differing reliogus and political views

Question 52

Where did Henry VII invade in 1542?

Answer 52

Scotland, it borught success for the English at the Battle of Solway Moss, James V died but England were unable to launch a full invasion

Question 53

What was one of the reasons for the rough wooing of Scotland?

Answer 53

Henry’s son Edward was betrothed to Mary, Queen of Scots but the Scots refused to ratify the treaty

Question 54

What success did Henry VIII have in foreign policy in 1544?

Answer 54

He invaded France in alliance with Charles V and captured Boulogne as the leader of a large army

Question 55

What were the consequences of Henry VIII’s late foreign policy?

Answer 55

He had paid a high literal price for his pursuit of glory, being unable to afford the war from extraordinary revenue, he sold much of the Crown estate, borrowed large sums and debased the coinage