Late Adulthood Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Ageism
A
Prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age (Elderly view ageism as a self-fulfilling prophecy)
2
Q
Sleep
A
Day-night circadian rhythm diminishes with age, older people wake before dawn and are asleep during the day
3
Q
Exercise
A
Only 35% of people over age 65 meet recommended guidelines for exercise
4
Q
Elderspeak
A
Condescending way of speaking to other adults that resemble baby talk
5
Q
Destructive protection
A
Elders discouraged from leaving home
6
Q
happiness in older people is equivalent to what age group
A
As common as in younger adults
7
Q
Gerontology
A
Multidisciplinary study of old age
8
Q
Geriatrics
A
Medical specialty devoted to aging
9
Q
Demographic shifts
A
More older people in the world than there used to be
10
Q
Reasons for the pyramidal age graph shape
A
(1) Far more children were born than the replacement rate (2) Before modern sanitation and nutrition, many children dies before age 5 (3) Before, Middle aged people rarely survived adult diseases
11
Q
Dependency ratio
A
Estimating the proportion of the population that depends on care from others, comparing number of dependents to number of people in the middle
12
Q
Young-old
A
Healthy, vigorous and financially secure older adults that are well integrates into the lives of their family
13
Q
Old-old
A
Those who suffer from physical, mental or social deficits
14
Q
Oldest-old
A
Early adults who are dependent on others for everything
15
Q
Compensatory strategies involve what?
A
Personal choice, societal practices, technological options
16
Q
Selective optimization
A
Focusing on those things that can be done well rather than focusing on cognitive loss and physical loss with age
17
Q
Cataracts
A
Thickening of the lens causing vision to become cloudy, opaque and disorted
18
Q
Glaucoma
A
Buildup of fluid within the eye that damages the optic nerve
19
Q
Macular degeneration
A
Deterioration of the retina (spotty vision)
20
Q
Atrophy in elders
A
Inevitable
21
Q
Primary aging
A
the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
22
Q
Secondary aging
A
Specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging
23
Q
Treatment of the elderly: Flu
A
Important for elderly to get vaccinated, even though protected against only B not A strain
24
Q
CVD
A
Less than half have over age of 65 but by 90 almost everyone has either CVD, Dementia or diabetes
25
Compression of morbidity
Less time elders spend ill or infirm which is due to new technology advances and improvements in lifestyle
26
Effects of falling
Bones become more porous, losing calcium and strength leading to osteoporosis
27
Genetic clock
Mechanism in DNA of cells that regulate the aging process by triggering hormonal changes controlling cellular reproduction and repair
28
Disposable soma theory
each body has a certain amount of physical energy and strength which is gradually spent over a lifetime
29
Transplants
Can add years to your life because you have a healthier parts of your body
30
Obesity
Overweight and obese individuals die at a younger age because of the amount of energy they use
31
Progeria
Genetic disease that stops growth at about age 5, children age very fast and usually die in their late teens
32
Grandmother hypothesis
When menopause hits as a sign that the woman cannot have any more children and should start helping with grandchildren
33
Oxygen free radicals
Atoms of oxygen that have unpaired electrons that can cause disease
34
Hayflick limit
Suggests that human cells are capable of duplicating into two new cells approximately 50 times indicating lifespan is limited
35
Telomeres
Length of chromosomes decrease with each cell duplication and correlates with longevity
36
B cells
Immune cells manufactured in bone marrow create antibodies
37
T cells
Manufactured in thymus gland and produce substances that attack infected cells in the body
38
Average life expectancy
Number of years that the average person in a particular population is expected to live
39
What promotes longevity?
Diet, Family and community, Exercise and relaxation, Work
40
What state has people living the longest
North Dakota
41
What religious group in the US is known for communities where people live long lives?
Seventh day adventists
42
What qualities of life did researchers say increase lifespan?
Moderate diet, hard work, optimism, intellectual curiosity, social involvement
43
Neurons and dendrites grow in what region?
Olfactory and hippocampus region
44
New neurons provide what to succeed in context of challenges and changing environments?
Cognitive adaptability
45
Brain slowdown correlates with what?
Slower walking and most other physical disabilities
46
Senescence reduces production of neurotransmitters which do what?
Allow a nerve impulse to jump quickly
47
Which ares of the brain shrink the fastest?
Hypothalamus and Prefrontal cortex
48
Compensation with the brain
Older adults move more parts of their brain for simpler tasks
49
Reduced brain reserves
Makes challenging tasks even harder
50
Wandering minds
Brain stops using focused region for each function
51
Multitasking
Older adults are not as good at it due to being shrinkage
52
Detecting stimuli
Older adults sometimes cannot detest stimuli and information never reaches sensory memory
53
Prospective memory
Involves remembering to performa a future task, fades with age
54
Working memory
Brain slowdown reduces working memory, reduced working memory inhibits multitasking
55
Long term memory
Difficult to assess
56
Recognition
At every age, recognition is better than recall
57
Control processes
The part of the info-processing system that regulates the analysis an flow of info, underlying impairment of cognition in late adulthood
58
Executive function of the brain
Selective attention, strategic judgement and appropriate action
59
Priming
A control strategy where words or ideas are presented in order to make it easier to remember something
60
Output decline
Gradual decline in output of primary mental abilities is normal, usually verbal
61
Cognitive tests
Usual paths of cognition in late adulthood as measured by tests, output is usually declined
62
Ecological validity
Idea that cognition should be measured n setting that are realistic and abilities measured should be those needed in real life
63
Fundamental ecological issue
Addresses question of: What should be assessed-pure, abstract thinking or practical, contextual thought, depersonalized abilities or everyday actions
64
DSM-5
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
65
Dementia
Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease
66
Mild NCD
Older adults having significant problems with memory but still function well at work and home, forgetfulness
67
QMCI
biological indicator; clinical judgements of professionals to measure mild loss
68
Neuro-cognitive disorders in elderly
Most never experience it
69
Alzheimers disease
Characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta amyloid protein and tangles of tau protein in brain
70
Stages of Alzheimers
(1) Forget recent events (2) Generalized confusion, speech become repetitive and aimless (3) Memory loss becomes dangerous causing accidents (4) Full time care needed (5) Unresponsive and identity and personality is gone
71
Hopeful brains
Even the brain without symptoms might eventually develop Alzheimers but people with a certain dominant gene definitely will
72
Vascular dementia (VaD)
Form of dementia characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts and temporary obstruction of blood vessels preventing blood to brain, may cause mini stroke, more common than Alzheimers
73
Frontal lobe dementia
Deterioration of amygdala and frontal lobes
74
Parkinsons
Chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity
75
Lewy Body dementia
Characterized by increased lewy body cells in the brain, side effects being hallucination and falling and lack of attention
76
Slowing down NCD and cognitive impairment
Exercise, avoiding pathogens
77
Polypharmacy
A situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medication and the various side effects and interactions can result in dementia symptoms
78
Integrity vs Despair
Final stages of Erickson's model in which older people gain interest in the arts, in children and in human experience as a whole
79
Self actualization
The final stage is Maslow's hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical and spiritual understanding
80
New cognitive development: Vranica and colleagues
Memory strategies instruction and improvement in memory functions
81
New cognitive development: Basak and colleagues
Video game protocol and improvement in skills related to specific executive functions
82
New cognitive development: Schaie
Seattle longitudinal study-improvement of spatial understanding
83
Life review
An examination of ones own role in the history of human life, engaged in by many elderly people
84
Self theories
Theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self, or the search to maintain ones integrity and identity
85
Positivity effect
The tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones
86
Socio-emotional selectivity theory
Older people prioritize their emotional regulation, seeking familiar social contacts who reinforce their generativity, pride and joy
87
Selective optimization with compensation
With changes in external appearance, key aspects of self are selected and optimized
88
Stratification theories
Theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a persons social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect a persons ability to function in late adulthood because past stratification continues to limit life in various ways
89
Stratification by gender
Men seek medical help less than women
90
Stratification by ethnicity
Education, health, employment and place of residence create large discrepancies in income by old age
91
Weathering
Past stresses and medical disabilities create a high allostatic load which is an accumulation of problems that make a person vulnerable to serious diseases
92
Stratification by age
Segregation by age harms everyone because it creates socializing deficits or members of all age groups
93
Financial effects of stratification
Employment is directly and indirectly related to income in late adulthood (Stress and accumulating disadvantages are increasingly limited as age advances)
94
Dynamic systems theory
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family and society
95
Working during late adulthood
employment allows generativity and provides social support, status and boosts self esteem
96
Elderhostel
An education-travel program that offers people special learning experiences at universities and other locations across the U.S and around the world
97
Socioemotional theory
the size of the social circle may shrink with age, but close relationships become crucial
98
Beanpole family
Multiple generations but only a few members in each one
99
Familism
Prompts family to come together
100
Relationships with family in late adulthood
Sons feel obligated to help parents where daughter fell stronger affection, closeness in proximity determines how frequently you see each other
101
Frail elderly
People over 65 who are physically infirm and cannot, eat, bathe, toilet, dress or transfer themselves out of bed on their own (ADLs)
102
IADLs
actions important for independent living and require intellectual competence and forethought (paying bills, driving a car)
103
Elder abuse is most likely to occur when?
(1) The care receiver is feeble and suffers memory loss (2) Caregiver is drug addict (3) Care occurs in an isolated place (4) Visitors are slim
104
Aging in place
Remaining in the same home and community in later life, adjusting but not leaving when health fades
105
Village care vs Assisted living
(1) Village care is when elderly people live near each other pool their resources and stay in their homes while receiving special assistance (2) Assisted living is a living arrangement for elderly people that combine privacy and independence
106
Death is considered what?
A passage not an endpoint
107
Fatally ill children typically fear what?
Abandonment
108
Older children seek what when dying?
Specific facts
109
Teens and their fear of death
Have little fear of death
110
Terror management theory
The idea that people adopt cultural values and moral principles in order to cope with their fear of death
111
5 stages of death Kubler Ross
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
112
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Death is at the top, last required
113
Characteristics of a good death
Peaceful, quick, surrounded by family, long life, familiar place, painless
114
Who believes that the stages of death may not go in order and some may never occur?
Thanologists
115
2 principles for hospice care
(1) Each patients autonomy and decisions are respected (2) Family members and friends are counseled
116
Passive euthanasia
A situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, through the cessation of medical intervention
117
Active euthanasia
A situation in which someone takes action to bring about another persons death
118
Slippery slope
Argument that a given action will start a chain of events that will culminate in an undesirable outcome
119
Bereavement
The sense of loss following a death
120
Grief
The powerful sorrow that an individual feels at the death of another
121
Mourning
The ceremonies and behaviors that a religious or culture prescribes for people to employ in expressing their bereavement after a death
122
Absent grief
A situation in which overly private people cut themselves off from community that allow grief
123
Disenfranchised grief
A situation in which certain people, although they are bereaved, are prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictions
124
Incomplete grief
Situation in which circumstances interfere with grieving process
