later romantics, liszt and Tchaikovsky

Question 1

1850s

Answer 1

• By the 1850, orchestral, chamber and choral concerts focused on a repertory of musical classics with eventually became known as classical music,
• By the late 19th, the variety of styles available to performers and audiences was greater than ever, mixture of old and new music,
• New discipline of musicology was established,
• Scholars studying music’s of Palestrina, Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, Handel,
  o Since many of these scholars are German, they took special in German composers, linking the revival of past music to nationalism,

Question 2

Franz Liszt 1811-1886

Answer 2

• His compositions based on or inspired by national melodies reflect his Hungarian roots,
• Modeled his piano style after several impressive Viennese and Parisian virtuoso,
• Adopted Chopin’s lyricism of melodic line, rubato rhythmic license, harmonic innovations,
• Works are important for bringing important works to a wide audience aquatinted with the originals,

Question 3

Liszt and the piano

Answer 3

• In Paris, he came under the spell of great violinist Niccolò Paganini,
  o By the gift of piano and Paganini, he accomplished similar miracles on the piano and succeeded early,
• Imitated the violin master in his six etudes.
• Long tapered fingers gave him enormous reach and allowed him to play rapid consecutive tenths as easily.
• Invented modern piano recital, an entire program executed by one artist rather than by a variety of soloist,
• Invented the playing the piano sideways to show off his hands,

Question 4

symphonic poem

Answer 4

– each is a one movement programmatic work with sections contrasting in character and tempo presenting a few themes,
 Themes are developed, repeated, varied, and transformed,
 These pieces are “poems” by the analogy to literary poems, yet symphonic in sound, weight and developmental procedures,
 Sometimes the form is like sonata form, or the contrasts in mood and tempo found in the four movements symphony,
 Pragmatic – has a story behind it,

Question 5

Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1840-1893

Answer 5

• Russian composer of the 19th sought to reconcile the nationalist and the internationalist tendencies in Russian music,
• Was drawn to writing for the ballet a French genre, waltz a Viennese dance.
• Some ballets have Russian folk melodies and rhythms,

Question 6

bruckner

Answer 6

Anton Bruckner 1824-1896
* tried the more daunting tasks of absorbing Wagner’s style and ethos into the traditional symphony and writing of church music,
* catholic, schooled in counterpoint and served as an organist of the cathedral at Linz, and as court against Vienna from 1867 to his death

Question 7

bruckner symphonies

Answer 7

• Listened to criticism and changed different parts of his songs therefore there exists different versions of his pieces.
• Are in conventional four movements and non-programmatic,
• Looked to Beethoven’s ninth symphony as a model for procedure, purpose, grandiose, proportions, religious spirits,
• Finales often recycle subjects from earlier movements,
• Debt to Wagner is evident in large-scale structures, the great length of the symphonies, lush harmonies, and sequential repetition,

Question 8

Johannes Brahms 1833-1897

Answer 8

• Matured as a composer just as the classical repertory came to dominate concert life,
• Fully understood what it meant to compose for an audience who taste were formed by the classical masterpieces,
• His compositions had to embrace the past yet be different,
  o That meant applying the principles of sonata form and adhering to the traditional genres of instrumental music,
• Lyrical beauty, sincere expressivity,
• Germannnnnn composer, keyboard player
• Connection to Liszt, Robert and Clara Schumann took him in,
• Schuman hyped him up to write a Symphonie, but he choked and took a long time as there was a lot of pressure on him,’
• After Schumann tried to kill himself and ended up in mental hospital, Brahms took his family and raised their children,
• Wager was jealous of Brahms, and they were pitted against each other.
• Took him 20 years to write his symphonies,

Question 9

brahms piano music

Answer 9

• Developed a highly individual piano style characterised.
  o full sonorities and rich textures,
  o often employing Brocken-chord figuration and
  o imaginative cross rhythms
• three large sonatas in the tradition of Beethoven that also incorporated the chromatic harmony of Chopin, and listz,

Question 10

brahms symphonies

Answer 10

• Demonstrate his concern to position his music alongside the classical masterworks,
• Wrote only four symphonies,
• Yet the third movement is not a scherzo typical of Beethoven, but a lyrical intermezzo, a substitution that Brahms repeated in his other symphonies,
• Key changes – major thirds and shift between major and minors,
• Main theme of the finale is hymn like melody that suggest a parallel to the finale of Beethoven’s ninth,

Question 11

antonin dvorak 1841-1904

Answer 11

• Dvorak nine symphonies won him a place in the Viennese symphonic tradition and an international audience,
• Best known symphony is no 9 wrote during 1893,
• Believing that true national music can be derived from folk tradition,
• Themes suggested by the native Americans melodies,
• Wrote a dozen of opera, as opera is n important force for nationalism,
  o Dmitrij 1882
  o Rusalka 1900, a lyric fairy tale
  o Slavonic dances – in this he used elements from Czech traditional music to achieve a national idiom,