Later years Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Describe Elizabeth I’s approach to defining her royal prerogative after 1588.
A
Elizabeth I aimed to clearly define her prerogative to prevent attempts to undermine it, despite facing discontent from a new generation of parliamentarians regarding her privileges.
2
Q
What was the significance of the case of Dr. Roderigo Lopez?
A
The case of Dr. Lopez, who was executed for allegedly plotting to poison Elizabeth I, illustrates the ease with which hostility towards foreigners could arise during wartime.
3
Q
Define the social and economic problems faced in England during the 1590s.
A
The 1590s were marked by poor harvests, rising grain prices, plague outbreaks, and increased vagrancy, leading to significant social and economic distress.
4
Q
What accusations did Essex face after meeting Tyrone?
A
Essex met Tyrone alone, leading to accusations of treachery following his actions.
5
Q
What was the consequence of Essex returning home against orders?
A
Essex returned home against his orders, rushing into the royal presence when Elizabeth was only just out of bed and without wig and make-up.
6
Q
What role did apprentices play in the riots in London?
A
Apprentices rioted regularly in London, with notable riots by felt makers in Southwark in 1592, in Bow in 1593, in Southwark again in 1595, and on Tower Hill.
7
Q
What issues arose regarding the raising of troops during Elizabeth’s reign?
A
The raising of troops was disliked, leading to frequent desertions, minor mutinies, such as at Gloucester in 1602 when officers attacked, and reluctance to pay for uniforms/weapons; the quality of troops enlisted was poor, as fitter men had already been taken off to fight.
8
Q
What food riots occurred during Elizabeth’s reign?
A
Food riots took place in Kent in 1595 and in Sussex, Somerset, and Norfolk over the next three years; similar disorders occurred in Ipswich in 1586.
9
Q
Explain the response of the House of Commons to Elizabeth I’s use of purveyance in 1593.
A
In 1593, the House of Commons requested remedies for grievances over purveyance as a response over purveyance, which Burghley, claimed infringed on royal prerogative, but Elizabeth acknowledged the issue and agreed to investigate.
10
Q
How did Peter Wentworth’s actions challenge Elizabeth I’s prerogative regarding succession?
A
Peter Wentworth wrote a pamphlet urging Elizabeth to instruct parliament to examine succession rights, leading to his imprisonment for discussing parliamentary business outside the Palace of Westminster.
11
Q
What was the outcome of Wentworth’s attempts to address succession rights in parliament?
A
Wentworth was imprisoned for his actions and ultimately died in the Tower in 1597, with Elizabeth’s prerogative remaining intact as she feared naming a successor could lead to conspiracies.
12
Q
How did the economic situation influence the debate on monopolies in parliament?
A
The weak economy and ongoing taxes exacerbated public discontent, leading to increased pressure on Elizabeth regarding the monopolies that were seen as detrimental to the populace; agitators even pressed petitions into her hand as she went to her chapel.
13
Q
What was the reaction of royal councillors to the parliamentary debate on monopolies?
A
Royal councillors were alarmed by the intensity of the debate over monopolies, indicating concern over the potential challenge to Elizabeth’s authority; monopolies lived on to be an issue under James I.
14
Q
Define the term ‘purveyance’ in the context of Elizabeth I’s reign.
A
Purveyance refers to the royal prerogative allowing the monarch to requisition goods and services, which became a point of contention in Elizabeth I’s later years.
15
Q
Describe the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I and Parliament after 1588.
A
Relations with Parliament declined after 1588, despite Elizabeth summoning four parliaments during this period, which was more than for any other similar period of her reign.
16
Q
Explain the financial challenges faced by Elizabeth I after the Spanish Armada.
A
The war with Spain required revenue far beyond Elizabeth’s ordinary income; initially, in the flush of victory over Spanish Armada in 1588, parliament voted generously, but heavy taxes needed became more onerous and later parliaments less ready with their consent.
17
Q
How did the House of Commons respond to the need for war funding in 1589?
A
In 1589, the House of Commons set up a committee and agreed to levy an unprecedented two subsidies and four tenths and fifteenths, which was twice the usual grant.
18
Q
What was the outcome of the 1593 Parliament regarding military funding?
A
In 1593, with ongoing danger and despite worries about creating a precedent, the House of Commons agreed to a double subsidy and four tenths and fifteenths. Although the Lord Treasurer (Burghley) believed it was insufficient, it was convention that HoL could only agree to amount proposed by HoC or reduce it.
19
Q
Define the role of Lord Burghley in the funding discussions of the 1590s.
A
Lord Burghley suggested a conference between the Houses to address funding needs, explaining a grant of 1589 had brought in €480,000, whereas E had spent over a million pounds.
20
Q
How did Sir Francis Bacon’s views on taxation differ from those of other council members?
A
Sir Francis Bacon argued for spreading the tax burden over six years, while Privy Councillors and Sir Walter Raleigh opposed this view; Bacon out of favour/forbidden to come to court.
21
Q
What was the significance of the 1597 Parliament in terms of financial grants?
A
In 1597, despite threat of famine, HoC responded to the urgent pleas for funding, as Elizabeth needed taxes to maintain her armies and navy; had sold crown lands, raised loans from the wealthy and levied ship money but still needed funds.
22
Q
Describe the financial situation at the final Parliament of Elizabeth I in 1601.
A
The final Parliament in 1601 was cooperative over money, agreeing to four subsidies to address a deficit of £140,000, although Bacon and Raleigh sought to reduce the tax burden on the poorest.
23
Q
What criticisms did the government face regarding its treatment of Puritans?
A
There were criticisms of the harsh treatment of Puritans in 1589, as Whitgift continued his campaign against radicals, labeling them as ‘false prophets’.
24
Q
Explain the measures taken against Roman Catholics and Puritan dissenters in 1593.
A
In 1593, the government implemented measures requiring Roman Catholics to remain within five miles of their homes to prevent them from joining forces of Catholicism.
25
Describe the outcome of attempts to enforce harsher laws on Puritans during Elizabeth I's reign.
Attempts to enforce harsher laws on Puritans foundered with resistance led by Raleigh; the only law passed allowed for punishment by imprisonment for attendance at unlawful assemblies and conventicles.
26
Explain the significance of the 1601 bill regarding priests holding benefices in plurality.
The 1601 bill proposed to end priests holding benefices in plurality was abandoned after Whitgift claimed it contravened royal prerogative and would negatively affect poor scholars who needed multiple positions to finance their studies.
27
How did social legislation in 1597 and 1601 reflect changes in parliamentary debates?
In 1597 and 1601, social legislation was passed, with debates showing individual members taking more initiative, as it was not a prerogative issue, allowing members to speak freely.
28
What was the outcome of the debates about monopolies during Elizabeth I's reign?
The debates about monopolies were contentious, but the outcome ultimately favored Elizabeth.
29
Define the significance of the war with Spain during Elizabeth I's reign.
The war dominated the last years of Elizabeth's reign, draining her resources and showcasing the improved English navy, but also leading to war-weariness among the populace by the time of her death.
30
How did the threat of the Spanish Armada influence naval preparations in England?
The threat of the Spanish Armada led to the need for a strong navy, resulting in the refitting of ships, the purchase of the Ark Royal, and the mobilization of merchant ships to bolster the fleet.
31
Explain the measures taken on land to prepare for a potential invasion by the Spanish Armada.
Lords Lieutenant were ordered to review local militias, train troops, survey landing places, build defenses, prepare artillery, and ensure beacons were guarded for signaling an invasion.
32
Describe the role of the Lord Admiral during the preparations against the Spanish Armada.
The Lord Admiral, Lord Howard of Effingham, was relatively inexperienced but respected; he formed a good relationship with Sir Francis Drake during the preparations.
33
What was the significance of Elizabeth I's speech at Tilbury in August 1588?
Elizabeth I's speech at Tilbury, where she declared 'I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king', reflected the growing pride and nationalism among the English people during the conflict.
34
How did Elizabeth I respond to the news of the Armada's defeat?
Once it was clear the Armada was struggling back to Spain, Elizabeth's mood altered, leading to the disbanding of her armies and the discharge of her navy to save money.
35
What financial challenges did Elizabeth I face during the war with Spain?
Elizabeth I faced financial challenges, needing to obtain forced loans from wealthy subjects, raising £75,000 and borrowed £56,000 from the City of London at 10 per cent interest, which affected her ability to pay sailors fully.
36
Explain the impact of disease on sailors during Elizabeth I's naval preparations.
The condition of sailors was worsened by the prevalence of disease in ports as ships were laid up, complicating the financial and logistical challenges faced by Elizabeth I.
37
Describe the impact of the Earl of Leicester's death on Queen Elizabeth I.
The death of the Earl of Leicester in September 1588 was a crushing personal blow for Queen Elizabeth I, affecting her emotionally and politically.
38
Explain the significance of the service of Thanksgiving held in St Paul's Cathedral in November 1588.
The Thanksgiving service was significant as it allowed Elizabeth to publicly express her belief in divine providence favoring the English, which served as a powerful propaganda tool against Spain.
39
How did the defeat of the Spanish Armada affect England's perception of future threats?
After the defeat of the Armada, there was an anti-climax as Elizabeth was not convinced that Spain's navy was completely defeated, leading to continued invasion scares throughout the 1590s.
40
Define the nature of the war fought by England after the Armada's defeat.
The war was fought both at sea and on land, particularly in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland, and it proved difficult to replicate the success of 1588 due to a lack of clear strategy.
41
Discuss the challenges faced by English privateers during the war.
English privateers faced challenges such as the difficulty in capturing the treasure fleet from America to Spain, and frustrations arose when Elizabeth took a large portion of profits from captured ships.
42
How did Elizabeth I support France during the war?
Elizabeth I sent troops to France, including 4,000 men in 1590 and over 6,000 in the following year, and provided financial gifts and loans to Henry IV; there were heavy casualties and almost half did not return.
43
What was the outcome of English assistance to Henry IV in France?
English assistance was arguably crucial in preventing Spanish domination in France, as it helped Henry IV avoid defeat.
44
Describe Sir Francis Vere's role in the Netherlands during the war.
Sir Francis Vere was sent by Elizabeth in 1588 to the Netherlands, where he effectively collaborated with Maurice of Nassau, capturing key locations like Zutphen and Deventer.
45
How did the war influence political debates in the Privy Council?
The war led to considerable debate in the Privy Council, especially regarding strategies to secure the Netherlands and prevent Spanish control, with differing opinions among councillors.
46
Identify the key figures in the Privy Council during the war and their positions.
Key figures included Burghley, who prioritized security in the Netherlands, and others like Raleigh and Hawkins, who advocated for more aggressive naval actions.
47
What was Essex's perspective on military action during the war?
Essex favored any military action that could bring him glory, viewing the conflict as an opportunity to challenge Spanish power in France.
48
How did Elizabeth I's policies respond to the changing political landscape during the war?
Elizabeth's policies were largely reactive, aimed at maintaining security in the Netherlands and preventing Spanish control over strategic areas, particularly Brittany.
49
Describe the state of rivalry during the late 1590s between Cecil and Essex.
The rivalry was intense, affecting virtually every decision, and it was described as a 'very dangerous time' where neutrality was impossible.
50
Explain the popularity of Essex after his success at Cadiz in 1596.
Essex became a national hero and was particularly popular among younger sons of the gentry who sought their own fortunes.
51
Define Elizabeth's approach to policy and decision-making during her reign.
Elizabeth lacked a real policy or priorities, often seeing the dangers of action more readily than potential gains, and was reluctant to give consent.
52
How did Elizabeth's advisors impact her decision-making process?
Elizabeth relied on older advisors or the sons of previous officeholders, who were often not of the same caliber as their predecessors, leading to a lack of coherence in state affairs.
53
What was the composition of the Council by 1597, and how did it affect governance?
The Council had only eleven members, with Burghley aging and unwell, which diminished his influence, although he continued to attend meetings and provide notes on proposed actions.
54
Explain the financial impact of the war on England by the end of Elizabeth's reign.
The total expenditure on the war was £4.5 million, with significant costs in men and resources, leading to financial difficulties for the government. Of this, £2 million was spent in Ireland; less than half met from parliamentary grants.
55
How did Elizabeth manage her court expenditures during the later years of her reign?
The £300,000 surplus which had been built up was all spent and by end of the reign, gov was finding it difficult to meet its bills; in 1599-1600 E sold crown lands worth over £200,000 and even talked about selling some surplus jewellery.
56
Describe the increase in corruption at court during Elizabeth's later years.
The impoverished were more susceptible to bribery, leading to a noted increase in corruption, even affecting prominent figures like Burghley and Robert Cecil.
57
What was James's position regarding the English crown after the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots?
James hoped to be recognized as the heir to the English crown and maintained connections with Elizabeth's enemies, despite not aiding the Spanish Armada; Elizabeth agreed that she would never allow him to be debarred from succession by parliament.
58
How did James attempt to influence Elizabeth during the war?
James saw the war as an opportunity to pressure Elizabeth and kept in touch with her enemies, including the pope and Spanish forces.
59
What role did Robert Cecil play after the fall of Essex?
Robert Cecil recognized the opportunity to cultivate James and secure his own position, successfully excluding his enemies from James's confidence.
60
Describe the loyalty of Roman Catholics during Elizabeth I's reign.
The majority of Roman Catholics were loyal to Elizabeth I and did not want Philip II to become their ruler, similar to the Protestants. However, some leaders were willing to support Philip.
61
Explain the role of Cardinal William Allen in the context of Catholic support for Philip II.
Cardinal William Allen, a Jesuit, urged the English to join the Spanish army against Elizabeth I, whom he considered a heretic usurper. His Admonition to the People and Nobility was suppressed as treasonous and few took note.
62
How did divisions among Catholics affect their political influence during Elizabeth I's reign?
Divisions among Catholics weakened their position, particularly after the death of Allen and the appointment of George Blackwell as an arch-priest, which caused resentment among secular priests.
63
How did bad harvests contribute to the economic issues of the 1590s?
Excessively heavy rainfall led to a series of disastrous harvests from 1594 to 1598, causing the average price of wheat to double and exacerbating food shortages.
64
Explain the impact of plague outbreaks on the population during the 1590s.
Plague outbreaks during the 1590s, combined with malnutrition and military service, resulted in high mortality rates, with parish registers indicating that almost every town was affected by plague deaths in 1596 and 1597.
65
What legislative measures were taken in response to the social issues of the 1590s?
The 1597 parliament considered bill to preserve land under cultivation and another to prevent depopulation and the destruction of farms; Council forbade export of grain and gentlemen ordered to keep fewer dogs. Such orders were inadequate but a gov enmeshed in war could do little more.
66
Describe the increase in vagrancy during the 1590s.
The number of vagabonds increased significantly, with many more being registered and punished compared to previous years, indicating rising social unrest.
67
How did the population growth in the 1590s affect food supply?
The population had increased by about a million people over 50 years, putting additional pressure on food supplies during a time of poor harvests.
68
Describe the economic situation in England after 1598.
Better harvests led to surprisingly rapid economic recovery.
69
Explain the government's concerns during the unrest of the 1590s in England.
The government feared unrest due to famine, plague, and falling wages, leading to low-level grumbling and refusal to pay ship money. In 1596 the gov had to abandon attempts to collect ship money in London.
70
Define the Oxfordshire Rising of November 1596.
It was a conspiracy supposedly protesting against enclosures, led by artisans and young men affected by economic downturn.
71
Explain the significance of the Tillage Act passed in 1597.
The Tillage Act aimed to reverse enclosures carried out since 1588, indicating official recognition of the problem of land enclosure.
72
Describe the rebellion led by the Earl of Tyrone in Ireland.
The rebellion was a serious threat, capturing key forts and defeating English troops, raising fears of a Spanish invasion.
73
What was the outcome of the battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598?
Tyrone defeated and killed the English commander, resulting in only half of the English troops returning safely to their base.
74
How did the Earl of Tyrone's resources impact his rebellion?
Tyrone had rich resources in Ulster to supply his troops, and his soldiers were well-trained and experienced.
75
What was the government's military response to the Irish rebellion led by Tyrone?
The government sent Essex as Lord Lieutenant with 16,000 men, the largest army sent to Ireland in the Tudor period.
76
Explain the role of young men in the Oxfordshire Rising.
Young men in their late 20s, the age group most affected by economic downturns as were not able to earn enough to become independent; were central to the movement.
77
Describe the nature of the protests planned at Enslow Hill during the Oxfordshire Rising.
The ringleaders were planning to throw down local enclosures, attack Lord Lieutenant’s headquarters and seize guns, and then march on London to link up with malcontented apprentices.
78
What was the public's reaction to the Oxfordshire Rising?
The rising was not seen as a serious threat; many urged to join refused, and the meeting on Enslow Hill attracted only four people; one gave the plot away.
79
How did the government view the potential for violence during the Oxfordshire Rising?
The government was paranoid about the potential for violence and saw the movement as a serious threat.
80
What were the consequences for the ringleaders of the Oxfordshire Rising?
The five ringleaders taken to London and charged with treason; about twenty others questioned locally.
81
How did the government handle the investigation of the Oxfordshire Rising?
The Council authorized the use of torture to determine if any landowners were involved.
82
What was the impact of the economic conditions on the young population in the 1590s?
Young men and women faced difficulties saving enough to marry, which contributed to social unrest.
83
Describe the circumstances that led to Essex's replacement as Lord Deputy.
Essex was replaced by Lord Mountjoy due to his failure to effectively manage the situation in Ireland, including wasting time and troops in unnecessary maneuvers, and his decision to return to England against orders.
84
Explain the significance of Mountjoy's actions in Ireland after replacing Essex.
Mountjoy acted swiftly and effectively, conciliating the Irish people and capturing Irish leaders, which helped to stabilize the situation and ultimately led to Tyrone's surrender shortly after Elizabeth's death.
85
Define the relationship between Essex and Elizabeth I.
Essex, being 33 years younger than Elizabeth, captivated her at court; seemed to be taking his stepfather's role with the queen; in 1587 he became Master of the Horse, the post held by Leicester previously; in 1588 he was with the queen at Tilbury.
86
How did Essex's over-optimism affect his military decisions?
Essex's over-optimistic view of his capabilities led him to make poor decisions, such as rushing to confer with Henry IV in France in 1592 instead of effectively commanding his troops.
87
Discuss the impact of rivalry with the Cecils on Essex's political career.
The rivalry weakened Essex as he struggled to make one of his supporters, Francis Bacon, Attorney-General, in 1593; Robert Cecil's recommendation of Edward Coke succeeded, which consolidated his control over government positions.
88
What were the consequences of Essex's return from Ireland without permission?
Essex's unauthorized return enraged Elizabeth I, resulting in his house arrest and further diminishing his political power.
89
Explain the role of public support in Essex's rebellion.
Essex built a party at court with noblemen and supporters, consisting of noblemen like Earl of Worcester, his relations, such as Lord Rich, his brother-in-law, supporters from Ireland and many knights; had widespread support in city of London, which alarmed gov.
90
Describe the actions taken by Elizabeth I in response to Essex's rebellion.
Elizabeth I showed concern by publicly defending her treatment of Essex, trimming his power, sending Mountjoy to Ireland, and refusing to renew his patent for sweet wines, which financially pressured him.
91
How did Essex's ambitions conflict with his capabilities?
Essex struggled to balance his ambitions as a soldier, courtier, and politician, leading to inconsistent decisions and ultimately contributing to his downfall.
92
Describe the actions Essex took to gain support for his rebellion.
Essex tried to persuade Mountjoy to return from Ireland with an army and made approaches to James, suggesting that Cecil planned to install the Spanish Infanta as ruler after Elizabeth's death.
93
Explain the significance of the performance of Shakespeare's Richard II in February.
The performance was commissioned by Essex's supporters and included themes of the deposition of a king, which served as a clear reference to Essex's situation and his grievances against the monarchy.
94
How did Essex's mental state affect his rebellion?
Essex was driven to despair and almost insanity as a result of his financial ruin, which led to his rebellion being viewed as less of a threat; his ranting alerted the Council to his actions.
95
Define the challenges Essex faced in recruiting support for his rebellion.
Unlike previous rebels, Essex had no feudal retainers to rely on, and his attempts to recruit supporters in London failed, revealing that many of his allies were fair-weather friends.
96
Discuss the treatment of Essex's rebellion by the authorities.
The leniency shown, with only six executions, suggests that Essex was seen as a nuisance rather than a serious threat, indicating he had overestimated his public support.
97
Explain the political skills of Essex's supporters.
Supporters like the Earl of Southampton had political skills and devised a realistic plan to take control of the Palace of Whitehall, although it ultimately failed due to a lack of resolve among the plotters.
98
Describe the public perception of Essex after his death.
After his death, a sermon emphasizing the peril faced by the queen was poorly received, and Essex was referred to as 'England's darling,' indicating he was viewed positively by the public.
99
What was the outcome of the trial for Essex and Southampton?
Both were tried by their peers in Westminster Hall; Essex was found guilty and executed, while Southampton was reprieved and spent the remainder of the reign in prison.
100
How did Elizabeth I's popularity change in the 1590s?
Outwardly, Elizabeth remained popular, but scandals and an economic crisis, undermined her authority, leading to increased criticism and a decline in court attendance.
101
Identify the scandals that affected Elizabeth I's reputation.
Scandals included Raleigh's disgrace for impregnating Bess Throckmorton and the Earl of Southampton's public affair with Elizabeth Vernon, which contributed to a decline in her authority.
102
What were the public sentiments towards Elizabeth I during the economic crisis of the 1590s?
Reports from Essex recorded labourers complaining that 'the poor can get nothing'; other critics heard 'wishing the queen dead'.
103
How did Elizabeth I respond to the death of Essex?
Following Essex's death, Elizabeth appeared depressed and spent more time with her ladies in waiting, indicating a shift in her emotional state and court dynamics.
104
Describe the impact of Essex's rebellion on Elizabeth I's government.
Essex's execution marked a shift in Elizabeth's government, as it began to depend on a single faction for the first time during her reign.
105
Describe Elizabeth's behavior when she was unwell.
Elizabeth would withdraw to her own apartments to avoid showing signs of frailty, but this led to criticism for not appearing in public.
106
Explain the reaction of the public when Elizabeth was seen looking ill.
A countrywoman reported in 1601 that Elizabeth looked 'old and ill', and was warned that such comments could be considered treasonable.
107
How did Elizabeth's temper change over time?
Her temper became shorter and harder to please, affecting her ladies and leading to reports of her fury against Tyrone, being compared to her father.
108
Define the state of Elizabeth's physical appearance in her later years.
Elizabeth's appearance was wrinkled, she had lost several teeth, and foreign ambassadors sometimes struggled to understand her.
109
What measures were taken regarding Elizabeth's portraits in 1596?
The Council issued a proclamation to destroy 'unseemly and improper' portraits of Elizabeth, promoting only those that showed her as 'beautiful and magnanimous'.
110
How did Nicholas Hilliard contribute to Elizabeth's image?
Nicholas Hilliard produced a formalized version of her face for portraits, which depicted her looking radiant and symbolized wise counsel.
111
Discuss Elizabeth's activities in her final years.
Despite her declining health, Elizabeth continued to go on progress, hunt, hawk, and occasionally dance with foreign guests.
112
What observations did foreign ambassadors make about Elizabeth?
In 1597, the French ambassador noted her aged appearance but praised her vigorous mind; in 1598, a German traveler remarked on her gracious speech and commanding presence.
113
What was the significance of Elizabeth's last parliament in 1601?
Her last parliament ended with a flurry of praise for her graciousness, highlighting her enduring presence and influence.
114
Describe the circumstances of Elizabeth's final illness.
Elizabeth's final illness was short, possibly due to tonsillitis and influenza, and she seemed to lose the will to live as her seventieth birthday approached.
115
How did Elizabeth maintain control even in her final days?
She remained assertive, refusing to accept the word 'must' from Cecil and insisting on continuing prayers despite her discomfort.
116
What event marked the end of Elizabeth's life?
Elizabeth died early in the morning of 24 March, and it was claimed she gave a sign with her hand indicating that James should succeed her.
117
A Northamptonshire MP, Wingfield, raised the matter of monopolies in Parliament. What was Elizabeth I's response?
Elizabeth I saw this as an occasion to yield gracefully and agreed that monopolies blamed for raising prices on basic goods should be cancelled.
118
What did the Lord Keeper clarify regarding Elizabeth I's prerogative during the monopoly debate?
The Lord Keeper made it clear that Elizabeth's prerogative would not be compromised, despite her promise of redress for grievances.
119
What actions did the Lord Treasurer take regarding monopolies before Parliament met in 1601?
The Lord Treasurer drew up a list of objectionable monopolies and informed Robert Cecil that many should be cancelled, but no action was taken before Parliament met.
120
What sentiments were expressed by MPs during the assembly of Parliament regarding monopolies?
There was discontent among MPs, with one asserting that monopolies were casting people into beggary and another referring to monopoly holders as 'bloodsuckers.'
121
What was the general consensus among MPs about monopolies, and what differing opinions emerged?
There was general agreement that monopolies were being abused, but some MPs wanted a bill to abolish them while others preferred to petition Elizabeth to end them.
122
How did Elizabeth I respond to the heated debate over monopolies in Parliament?
Elizabeth I summoned the Speaker and indicated she would act at once, leading to the immediate end of some of the most harmful monopolies and referring grievances regarding others to the courts.
123
What was the outcome of Elizabeth I's prompt concession regarding monopolies?
The prompt concession ended the furore, preserved her prerogative intact, and she later delivered her 'Golden Speech' to MPs, which was well received.
124
This time, how did Sir Francis Bacon redeem himself in Parliament?
Sir Francis Bacon redeemed himself by supporting the government and helped to ensure a grant similar to that of 1593 was made, to be collected over just two years on this occasion.
125
What was Raleigh's argument regarding the assessments of the estates of the rich?
Raleigh argued that assessments of the estates of the rich were not 'a hundredth part of our wealth', which was correct as landowners ridiculously under-assessed their properties.
126
Why were landowners able to under-assess their estates?
As there were few local government officials, it was left to the landowners to assess the value of their estates themselves, and they were then taxed accordingly.
127
What was the outcome of Raleigh's comments on estate assessments?
Nothing came of Raleigh's comments regarding the under-assessment of estates.
128
How many galleons did Elizabeth have, and what was their significance?
Elizabeth had 25 galleons, which were a formidable fighting force.
129
What contributions did John Hawkins make to the Navy Board?
Navy Board Treasurer John Hawkins had done much to eliminate corruption on the Board and had refitted ships and built new ones while reducing costs.
130
What was the significance of the flagship Ark Royal?
The flagship, the Ark Royal, was purchased from Raleigh; ships were remodelled to make them low and snug in the water with more room on deck for artillery.
131
How could merchants' ships contribute to the fleet in case of an invasion?
In the emergency of an invasion, merchants' ships could be called on to make up the fleet.
132
How many men assembled at Tilbury under the Earl of Leicester?
An army of 12,500 men assembled at Tilbury under the Earl of Leicester, with 6,000 more at Sandwich.
133
Who had more men under command in London during the assembly of troops?
In London, Lord Hunsdon, another cousin of Elizabeth, had more men under his command.
134
What happened to Elizabeth's armies by the end of August 1588?
By the end of August 1588, her armies had been disbanded and her navy largely discharged to save money.
135
What happened to the expedition in 1590 that frustrated Hawkins and Frobisher?
In 1590, the expedition did not sail, frustrating Hawkins and Frobisher.
136
What actions did Elizabeth take regarding private individuals and Spanish shipping?
Elizabeth licensed some private individuals to prey on Spanish shipping, actions which were now legal as the two countries were at war.
137
How did Elizabeth's actions affect her relationship with investors like Raleigh?
Elizabeth didn’t always get her due reward; in 1592, after the capture of a merchant ship, she took nearly half of the remaining profits, to the annoyance of other investors like Raleigh, since she was entitled to only 20%.
138
What action did Elizabeth take in 1592 regarding Rouen?
In 1592, Elizabeth sent troops to help recapture Rouen as she felt it was dangerous for Spain to hold it and encouraged the French king by giving him a miniature of herself, which he claimed would make him fight with more resolution.
139
What was the outcome of the siege of Rouen?
Despite Elizabeth's encouragement, the French king abandoned the siege, leading Elizabeth to feel that her men and money had been wasted.
140
How did Elizabeth react to the gift of an elephant from Henry?
Elizabeth was unimpressed when Henry tried to appease her with a gift of an elephant, complaining that it was an expense to maintain.
141
What did Elizabeth say about Henry when he quibbled over how much he owed her?
Elizabeth later castigated Henry as 'the most ungrateful king that liveth' when he quibbled over how much he owed her.
142
How did Elizabeth's loans and troops impact the Dutch during the late 1590s?
Elizabeth's loans and her troops were probably just enough to give the Dutch superiority.
143
What was the situation of the Dutch by 1593-94?
By 1593-94, the Dutch had regained much of northern Netherlands.
144
How did Philip II's bankruptcy in 1596 affect Elizabeth's support for the Dutch?
When Philip II became bankrupt in 1596, Elizabeth felt that she could reduce her support, as English help had been more crucial before 1588.
145
What were the costs of war in men during Elizabeth's reign?
The costs of war in men amounted to over 100,000, with nearly 50,000 up to 1594 and 55,000 in the period after that.
146
How did Elizabeth manage expenditure at court during the war?
Elizabeth cut down on expenditure at court and especially on patronage, keeping positions vacant to avoid paying salaries.
147
What actions were taken by James's agents in 1596 regarding his potential as a Catholic?
In 1596, his agents were busy in Europe suggesting that he might become a Catholic.
148
How did Essex approach James regarding his rebellion?
Essex approached James, asking for an army to support his rebellion, and managed to convince him that the Cecils were hostile to him.
149
What was Elizabeth's financial support to James, and how did it affect him?
Elizabeth had granted James a pension, but it was not paid regularly, leaving him uneasy.
150
What concerns did James have about taking decisive action?
James was uneasy but knew that if he took decisive action, he could lose the prize for which he waited so impatiently.
151
Why was James considered the best candidate for the throne?
James was seen as the best candidate as an experienced ruler and Protestant.
152
Who were some of the Roman Catholic sympathisers at court during Elizabeth's reign?
Roman Catholic sympathisers at court included Lord Buckhurst, who favoured the Infanta Isabella's claim to the throne.
153
Who backed the claim of the Infanta Isabella to the throne?
The Pope and Father Robert Parsons, a Jesuit leader in Rome, backed the claim.
154
What were the hopes of other English Roman Catholics regarding James's ascension to the throne?
Other English Roman Catholics, like the Earl of Northumberland, hoped James would become king as he was expected to be more tolerant.
155
What did Robert Cecil discover in Wisbech Castle in 1601?
In 1601, Robert Cecil found a priest in Wisbech Castle, where most priests were imprisoned, who was willing to betray what he knew about Jesuit plots.
156
What was the impact of the priest's betrayal on the Catholic cause?
The subsequent recriminations from the priest's betrayal much discredited the Catholic cause.
157
What actions did Burghley take to enforce quarantine during the 1590s?
Burghley sent out more Books of Orders to localities trying to enforce quarantine, but sympathetic neighbours defied instructions.
158
Who suffered the most during the economic difficulties of the 1590s?
Those who suffered most were bound to be people living close to subsistence levels.
159
How did the prices of grains change during the 1590s?
The poor found that grains, which were usually cheaper such as oats and rye, rose in price as much as wheat; dairy products were less affected as livestock survived wet conditions.
160
What challenges did poor communications present during the 1590s?
Poor communications made it difficult to move grain from areas where there was a surplus.
161
What did censuses from the 1590s reveal about the poor in north Kent?
Some of the censuses and listings of the poor which were made in the 1590s survive and show that in three north Kent parishes nearly 12% of the people couldn’t support themselves in 1598.
162
What was the recorded impact of malnutrition in Newcastle during the 1590s?
Deaths from malnutrition were recorded in Newcastle; in 1595-97 the death rate increased by 50%.
163
How did vagrancy change during the 1590s?
There was an increase in vagrancy as the numbers of vagabonds both registered and punished after 1598 grew; in Oxford, 67 were punished in 1598 compared with the norm of around 12.
164
What were the statistics for punishment of vagabonds in London during 1600-1?
In the London Bridewell, 555 were punished in 1600-1, compared with 209 in 1578-79.
165
What were Essex's shortcomings in his military role?
Essex argued himself into the job but did not prove equal to the task, wasting time and troops in needless maneuvers; when he finally marched north to face Tyrone, he only took 4,000 men and didn’t dare risk giving battle.
