Latest test

Question 1

Primary brain from neural tube:

Answer 1

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon
(midbrain)

Rhombencephalon

Question 2

Prosencephalon

Answer 2

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Question 3

Mesencephalon

Answer 3

Mesencephalon

Question 4

Rhombencephalon

Answer 4

Metaencephalon

Myelencephalon

Question 5

Telencephalon

Answer 5

Cerebral hemisphere:
A-cerebral cortex
B-white matter
C-basal nuclei

Question 6

Frontal lobe

Answer 6

1 Primary motor cortex (Skilled voluntary movement)
2 Premotor cortex (staging or planning area for learned motor patterns)
3 Brocas Area
4 Frontal eyefield

Question 7

Parietal lobe

Answer 7

1 Primary Somato sensory cortex

2 somatosensory association area

Question 8

Occipital lobe

Answer 8

1. Primary visual cortex

2. Visual association areas

Question 9

Temporal lobe

Answer 9

1. Primary auditory cortex
2. Auditory association areas
3. Primary olfactory cortex

Question 10

Insular lobe

Answer 10

1 Gustatory cortex
2 Visceral sensory area
3 Vestibular equilibrium area

Question 11

Multimodel association areas

Answer 11

1 anterior
2 posterior
3 limbic

Question 12

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

Answer 12

Skilled voluntary movement

Question 13

What is the premotor cortex responsible for?

Answer 13

Staging or planing area for learned motor patterns

Question 14

What region of the brain do neurons degenerate in parkinsons disease? *

Answer 14

Substantia nigra of the mesencephalon (control dopamine release and movement)

Question 15

What branch of the nervous system is associated with increased GI tract motility? *

Answer 15

Parasympathetic nervous system of ANS

Question 16

Name the 2 endogenous opiate neurotransmitters?

Answer 16

Endorphins and Enkephalins

Question 17

What is the stretch receptor? *

Answer 17

Muscle spindle

Question 18

What is the left side of the brain responsible for in lateralization? *

Answer 18

Language, math, and logic (using skills from math and science to answer a question)

Question 19

What is the right side of the brain responsible for in lateralization? *

Answer 19

Visual skills, facial recognition, spatial skills, emotion, and intuition (problems on the fly like running and walking)

Question 20

What is dual innervation?

Answer 20

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems counterbalance each other to keep systems running smoothly. The sympathetic increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic slows heart rate.

Question 21

What is reciprocal innervation?

Answer 21

innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles

Question 22

What is antagonism?

Answer 22

Antagonism is a relationship between organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other.

Question 23

The inhibition of motor neurons to antagonistic muscles while the stimulation of the motor neurons to the agonist muscles occurs in what type of innervation?

Answer 23

Reciprocal innervation

Question 24

What is an agonist muscle?

Answer 24

The muscle that primarily causes the action to occur (biceps in a bicep curl)

Question 25

What is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 25

The muscle the opposes the action of another (tricep extends while bicep flexe).

Question 26

What type of channels open in excitatory postsynaptic graded potentials (EPSP's) *

Answer 26

- chemically gated ion channels - Na+ flows in, K+ out - depolarization occurs (positive ions flow in to cell) - membrane potential moves toward 0 mV (becoming more positive, moving towards threshold)

Question 27

What type of channels open in inhibitory postsynaptic graded potentials (IPSP's) *

Answer 27

- chemically gated ion channels - Cl- flows in, K+ out - hyperpolarization occurs - membrane potential moves toward -90 mV (becoming more negative, moving away from threshold)

Question 28

Is the resting neuron more permiable to K+ or Na+ *

Answer 28

K+

Question 29

Functions of the sodium-potassium pump? *

Answer 29

- stabilizes RMP - ejects 3 Na+ out, transport 2 K+ back in. steps: 1. 3 Na+ bind to pump 2. Phosphate binds to carrier protein (pump) from ATP 3. Pump changes shape and releases 3 sodium ions outside membrane. 4. next, 2 K+ ions bind to pump causes shape change and release of phosphate molecule. 5. 2 K+ ions released inside cell and pump resumes original configuration.

Question 30

Where are meninges found? *

Answer 30

Around the brain and spinal chord.

Question 31

Ideal nerve fiber for most rapid action potential? *

Answer 31

large diameter, myelinated.

Question 32

Explain depolarization?

Answer 32

- Voltage gated sodium channels allow Na+ to travel down concentration gradient.

Question 33

Explain the channels in repolarization?

Answer 33

- Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed. | - Voltage-gated potassium channels are open.

Question 34

What happens if you drastically increase the amount of potassium (K+) in extracellular fluid?

Answer 34

Slower repolarization occurs.

Question 35

Function of neuromodulators?

Answer 35

Chemicals that act over an area and change the permiability of neurons. - NO and adenosine.

Question 36

Sensory (afferent) division of PNS

Answer 36

- brings sensory input towards CNS. - uses somatic sensory nerve fibers for info from skin, joints, and skeletal muscle. - uses visceral sensory nerve fibers for info from organs.

Question 37

What do somatic sensory nerve fibers sense info from?

Answer 37

Sensory afferent division uses somatic sensory nerve fibers for info from skin, joints, and skeletal muscle.

Question 38

What do visceral sensory nerve fibers sense info from?

Answer 38

Sensory afferent division uses visceral sensory nerve fibers for info from organs.

Question 39

Functions of the motor efferent division of the PNS?

Answer 39

- motor output function - efferent (exiting) division. - info sent via motor nerve fibers - carries plan to effectors (targets that carry out the plan) ie (muscles, glands).

Question 40

What are the direct subdivisions of the motor efferent division of the PNS?

Answer 40

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

Question 41

Function of somatic nervous system (direct subdivision of the motor efferent division of the PNS along with autonomic)?

Answer 41

- VOLUNTARY nervous system (you have conscious control of it). - uses somatic motor nerves that target skeletal muscle.

Question 42

What are the effectors of the somatic motor nerves?

Answer 42

skeletal muscle

Question 43

Function of autonomic nervous system (direct subdivision of the motor efferent division of the PNS along with somatic)?

Answer 43

- INVOLUNTARY nervous system - carries motor output via visceral motor nerves to effectors (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands). - broken up into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

Question 44

What is the voluntary nervous system?

Answer 44

Somatic nervous system

Question 45

What is the involuntary nervous system?

Answer 45

Autonomic nervous system

Question 46

What are the effectors of the visceral motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 46

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Question 47

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 47

- being chased by a bear - fight or flight response - need to mobilize body systems, get glucose to muscles, to it into ATP and contract.

Question 48

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 48

- watching the bachelor - focus on conserving energy - increased GI tract motility - glucose into glycogen - day to day housekeeping functions during rest