Latimer Diagram

Question 1

What is a Latimer diagram?

Answer 1

A Latimer diagram is a graphical representation of reduction potentials of various oxidation states of a species.

Question 2

True or False: Latimer diagrams display the stability of different oxidation states.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What does the vertical axis of a Latimer diagram represent?

Answer 3

The vertical axis represents the reduction potential (E°) values.

Question 4

In a Latimer diagram, what is indicated by a downward arrow?

Answer 4

A downward arrow indicates a reduction process.

Question 5

What is the primary use of a Latimer diagram?

Answer 5

The primary use is to visualize and compare the reduction potentials of different oxidation states.

Question 6

Fill in the blank: The highest oxidation state in a Latimer diagram is typically the _____ state.

Answer 6

most oxidized

Question 7

Which element is commonly represented in Latimer diagrams for oxygen?

Answer 7

Oxygen (O)

Question 8

What do the horizontal lines in a Latimer diagram represent?

Answer 8

The horizontal lines represent the different oxidation states of the species.

Question 9

True or False: Latimer diagrams can only be used for simple ions.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

What is the relationship between reduction potential and stability in a Latimer diagram?

Answer 10

Higher reduction potentials indicate greater stability of the reduced form.

Question 11

What is the reduction potential for the reaction O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O?

Answer 11

The reduction potential is +1.23 V.

Question 12

Multiple Choice: Which oxidation state of oxygen is the most reduced in a Latimer diagram? a) O2, b) H2O, c) O2-

Answer 12

b) H2O

Question 13

What does a positive reduction potential indicate?

Answer 13

It indicates a favorable reduction reaction.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: In a Latimer diagram, the lower the oxidation state, the _____ the reduction potential.

Answer 14

higher

Question 15

What is the significance of the transition between oxidation states in a Latimer diagram?

Answer 15

It shows the thermodynamic feasibility of the reduction reaction.

Question 16

True or False: Latimer diagrams can help predict reaction pathways.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is the common oxidation state of molecular oxygen in a Latimer diagram?

Answer 17

0 (zero)

Question 18

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT typically represented in a Latimer diagram? a) Oxidation states, b) Temperature, c) Reduction potentials

Answer 18

b) Temperature

Question 19

What does the term ‘reduction’ refer to in the context of a Latimer diagram?

Answer 19

Reduction refers to the gain of electrons by a species.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: A Latimer diagram can also be referred to as a _____ potential diagram.

Answer 20

reduction

Question 21

What is the relationship between the oxidation state and reduction potential for a given element in a Latimer diagram?

Answer 21

As the oxidation state decreases, the reduction potential generally increases.

Question 22

True or False: Latimer diagrams can be used for both organic and inorganic compounds.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is the function of the slashes in a Latimer diagram?

Answer 23

Slashes indicate the electron transfer associated with the reduction process.

Question 24

Multiple Choice: In a Latimer diagram, the species with the highest reduction potential is usually the: a) most oxidized, b) most reduced, c) least stable

Answer 24

a) most oxidized

Question 25

What does the term 'oxidation state' refer to?

Answer 25

The oxidation state refers to the charge of an atom in a compound, indicating its degree of oxidation or reduction.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Latimer diagrams are particularly useful for understanding the _____ of redox reactions.

Answer 26

thermodynamics

Question 27

What is the reduction potential for the half-reaction H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH-?

Answer 27

The reduction potential is -0.83 V.

Question 28

True or False: The reduction potential values in a Latimer diagram are always positive.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

What does a Latimer diagram help to determine about an element's oxidation states?

Answer 29

It helps to determine the stability and likelihood of each oxidation state.

Question 31

What is the oxidized form of element X in a redox couple?

Answer 31

X(N) ## Footnote X(N) represents the oxidized form of X in the redox couple.

Question 32

What does AG° represent in the context of redox reactions?

Answer 32

Gibbs free energy change ## Footnote AG° is defined as the change in Gibbs free energy for a reaction.

Question 33

What is the relationship between AG° and NE°?

Answer 33

AG° = -NE°F ## Footnote This equation shows that Gibbs free energy change is related to the number of electrons transferred and the Faraday constant.

Question 34

What is the purpose of a Frost diagram?

Answer 34

To plot NE° against oxidation number N ## Footnote A Frost diagram helps visualize the relationship between the standard reduction potential and oxidation states of an element.

Question 35

What is the y-axis of a Frost diagram?

Answer 35

NE° ## Footnote NE° is plotted on the y-axis (abscissa) of the Frost diagram.

Question 36

What is plotted on the x-axis of a Frost diagram?

Answer 36

Oxidation number N ## Footnote The oxidation number N is plotted on the x-axis (ordinate) of the Frost diagram.

Question 37

What does E° represent in electrochemistry?

Answer 37

Standard reduction potential ## Footnote E° indicates the tendency of a species to be reduced under standard conditions.

Question 38

What is the meaning of zero oxidation number (0) for element X?

Answer 38

Elemental state of X ## Footnote The zero oxidation number signifies that the element is in its elemental form.

Question 39

What is the plot of NE° versus N equivalent to?

Answer 39

Plot of -AG° versus N ## Footnote The relationship shows that as NE° increases, the Gibbs free energy change decreases.

Question 40

When multiple species of an element exist in different oxidation states, what needs to be determined?

Answer 40

E° value for each species ## Footnote Each species involved in reduction half-reactions must have its E° value determined for accurate plotting.

Question 41

What is the standard reduction potential E° for the oxidized form of X?

Answer 41

+0.70 V ## Footnote This value indicates the standard reduction potential for the oxidized form of X.

Question 42

What is the standard reduction potential E° for the reduced form of X?

Answer 42

+1.76 V ## Footnote This value indicates the standard reduction potential for the reduced form of X.

Question 44

What is determined for each species involved in a reduction half reaction in relation to E⁰ values?

Answer 44

E⁰ value for each species ## Footnote This is essential for plotting the Frost diagram.

Question 45

What is plotted against oxidation number (N) to obtain a Frost diagram?

Answer 45

NE⁰ values ## Footnote The points for each species are joined to create the diagram.

Question 46

In a Frost diagram, what does the species occupying the lowest position represent?

Answer 46

The most stable oxidation state of the element ## Footnote This is illustrated in the Frost diagram figures.

Question 47

Which species in the Frost diagram is likely to undergo reduction?

Answer 47

The species represented by point D ## Footnote It has a higher E⁰ value compared to others.

Question 48

Which species is liable to undergo oxidation in the Frost diagram?

Answer 48

The species represented by point B ## Footnote It has a lower E⁰ value compared to others.

Question 49

What is the oxidation state of N in the molecule N₂O₄?

Answer 49

+4 ## Footnote This is relevant for understanding the stability of the species.

Question 50

What occurs to the N₂O₄ molecule in the Frost diagram of nitrogen?

Answer 50

It undergoes disproportionation into NO₂ and NO₃⁻ ## Footnote This indicates instability with respect to the line joining these species.

Question 51

What does the Frost diagram indicate about the stability of N₂O₄?

Answer 51

N₂O₄ is unstable with respect to disproportionation ## Footnote This is due to its position above the line joining NO₂ and NO₃⁻.

Question 52

What are the oxidation states of the species involved in the disproportionation of N₂O₄?

Answer 52

* NO₂ (N=+3) * NO₃⁻ (N=+5) ## Footnote This shows the range of oxidation states in the reaction.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: In the Frost diagram, the couple corresponding to points C and D have _______ E⁰ values than the couple corresponding to points B and C.

Answer 53

higher ## Footnote This comparison helps determine which species undergoes reduction or oxidation.

Question 54

True or False: The Frost diagram for nitrogen shows that HNO₃ and HNO₂ have the same oxidation number.

Answer 54

False ## Footnote HNO₃ has N in the +5 state while HNO₂ has N in the +3 state.