Latin American Influences

Question 1

Mexican son

Answer 1

Syncretic music with Spanish and African influences

Question 2

Copla and decimal are found commonly in

Answer 2

Mexican son

Question 3

Sesquialtera

Answer 3

Either alternating or overlapping double and triple meters

Question 4

Son jarocho

Answer 4

Jarocho refers to anyone from that area of southern Veracruz

Question 5

Instruments of son jarocho

Answer 5

Arpa (harp), jarana (8 string guitar), requinto (small 4 string instrument that has a flat pick to pluck out melodies)

Question 6

What is an arpa?

Answer 6

Harp

Question 7

What is a jarana?

Answer 7

8 string guitar

Question 8

What is a requinto?

Answer 8

Small 4 string instrument that has a flat pick to pluck out melodies

Question 9

La bamba

Answer 9

Traditional, original version performed by son jarocho trio; also was a top 40 hit by Richie Valens

Question 10

New son jarocho

Answer 10

Revival in the last decade where people add improvisation and mix it with other styles

Question 11

Las Cafeteras

Answer 11

The coffee makers; they mix La Bamba with pop and hip hop and call it “La Bamba Rebelde”. They talk about Latino issues and they are a good example of new son jarocho

Question 12

Mariachi

Answer 12

Refers to an ensemble of guitars, trumpets, vocals, and violins

Question 13

Typical features of a mariachi band

Answer 13

Son jalisciense, vihuela, violins, guitarron, and trajes de charro (Mexican cowboy outfits)

Question 14

Tejano

Answer 14

A form of music that dealt with issues of borders; Tex-mex and conjunto music

Question 15

What are instruments of tex-mex or conjunto music?

Answer 15

Accordion and bajo sexto (12 string guitar)

Question 16

What is an example of conjunto music?

Answer 16

Los Tigres del Norte

Question 17

Who are Los Tigres del Norte?

Answer 17

Very successful family band of tex-mex/conjunto music; first hit was “Contraband and Betrayal”

Question 18

Where is Yoruba?

Answer 18

West Africa

Question 19

Who are Lucumi?

Answer 19

Cubans of Yoruba/West African descent

Question 20

What is Santeria?

Answer 20

Associated with other African forms around the Caribbean. The main thing that unites them is the idea that music is the vehicle that unites secular and sacred

Question 21

What is Rumba?

Answer 21

Sacred Cuban music. It has elements of percussion and voice, call & response, and polyrhythms. This is backyard, spur of the moment music that is played everyday by anyone.

Question 22

Elements of Cuban son

Answer 22

Clave rhythm, verse-montuno form, and instruments (tres, bass, congas, maracas)

Question 23

Clave rhythm (3 + 2, 2 + 3)

Answer 23

Found in Cuban son; everything relates to a clave, or a beat. 3 + 2 = One, Two, Three…One, Two. And 2 + 3 = One, Two…One, Two, Three. All instruments lock that rhythm and stick to it

Question 24

What is the instrumentation in Cuban son?

Answer 24

Tres, bass, congas, maracas, and claves

Question 25

What is verse-montuno form?

Answer 25

Found in Cuban son; typical form of song. Verse is a solo singer with chorus but the rhythm gets more intense and fast. Call & response is the montuno part and you add this to extend the length of any song

Question 26

Cubop/ Latin Jazz

Answer 26

Mixture of bebop and Afro-Cuban music

Question 27

Who is Mario Bauza?

Answer 27

Trumpet player of Cubop who comes in the early 30s to play jazz

Question 28

Who is Machito?

Answer 28

Mario Bauza's brother; he was on drums and sang and danced.

Question 29

Who is Dizzy Gillespie?

Answer 29

Another Cubop star; wrote "Manteca" with Chano Pozo and was a jazz trumpeter

Question 30

Who is Chano Pozo?

Answer 30

Wrote "Manteca" with Dizzy Gillespie

Question 31

The Paladium Ballroom

Answer 31

Center of Latin American music in New York during the 50s and 60s. All of the best Latin musicians and dancers went there.

Question 32

1959 Cuban Revolution

Answer 32

Embargo imposed by the U.S. which stops all trade and cuts off the relationship between Cuban and American music

Question 33

Salsa

Answer 33

Marketing term associated with Fania Records; this music isn't Latino anymore because you find it everywhere

Question 34

Fania Records

Answer 34

Company that records Puerto Rican and Cuban musicians living in New York City; made Celia Cruz a star

Question 35

Who is Celia Cruz?

Answer 35

Cuban woman who became the biggest star of salsa; one of Fania Record's biggest hits.

Question 36

What is bossa nova?

Answer 36

Revitalized Brazilian music that was developed by lower class musicians and came out of the samba

Question 37

What are the musical characteristics of bossa nova music?

Answer 37

* Emphasis on integration of guitar and voice EQUALLY * Understated singing where the musician is whispering; "apartment music" * influenced harmonies from Jazz; musicians listened to crooners like Sinatra growing up * Lyrics were written by poets and were about romance and nature

Question 38

Who is Joao Gilberto?

Answer 38

Bossa nova singer and guitarist; invented the style and played guitar for "The Girl From Ipanema"

Question 39

Mestizo culture

Answer 39

A mix of European and indigenous populations

Question 40

Who is Antonio Carlos Jobim?

Answer 40

Bossa nova composer and pianist. Wrote "The Girl from Ipanema" - one of the most recorded songs worldwide