Latin Independence Flashcards
(15 cards)
SPAIN BUILDS AN EMPIRE
Spain conquered most of the Americas land except for Brazil( Was conquered by Portugal.)
The empire split into 2 provinces.
The most important provinces were New Spain and Peru.
TREATMENT OF NATIVES
The Native Americans were the least powerful class. They were forced to work on plantations for the European settlers.
They also worked in mines when silver was discovered.
Many Native Americans died from the work and diseases.
The Native Americans population decrease from 25 million in 1519 to less than 2 million in the late 1500’s.
EMERGENCE OF SLAVERY
European diseases decreased the Native American population.
The European settlers needed workers for plantations so Colonist began importing African Slaves to do the labor the Native Americans did.
The culture of the Native American and the African survived today and the blended together.
BLENDING OF ENTHIC GROUPS
Mestizos- People of mixed Native American and European ancestry
Criollo- Had Spanish-born parents, but was born in Latin America
Mulattoes- People of mixed African and European ancestry
THE TRIANGULAR TRADE
Ships that are leaving Europe first stopped in Africa. They traded European goods for captives taken in tribal wars or raids.
The ships then traveled to America.
Slaves were exchanged for sugar and othe products.
THE TRIANGULAR TRADE
The ships returned home loaded with products from the Americas that grew very popular with Europeans.
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HAITI’S INDEPENDENCE
In November 1803, L’Ouverture’s army defeated the last of the French forces.
In 1804, L’Ouverture declared Haiti independent of French rule.
Haiti became the 1st country in Latin America to break free of European imperialism.
MEXICO’S INDEPENDENCE
In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain.
Mexico celebrates September 16th as its Independence Day!
The president rings a bell in Mexico City and repeats Hidalgo’s “Cry of Dolores.”
TOUSSAINT L’OUVRTURE
He was a former slave in Haiti ( was freed in 1777).
In 1791, he led a big slave revolt against the French in Hispaniola.
France was also fighting a war against Spanish forces in Hispaniola.
They promised that any slave that joined the French army and fought the Spanish would be freed.
In 1795, L’Ouverture’s army helped the French defeat the Spanish army.
TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE
In 1801, L’Ouverture led an army into the Spanish colony and freed all the slaves there.
6 months later, he became “Governor General of Haiti for life.”
In 1802, a very large French army lands in Haiti.
They wanted to restore old French government and regain control over the sugar trade.
L’Ouverture’s army fought and lost against the French and L’Ouverture was sent to prison in France.
He later died while he was in prison.
SIMON BOLIVAR
Bolivar was a wealthy Venezuelan Criollo who spent many years traveling in Europe.
While in Italy, he discovered his life’s purpose.
To liberate his homeland from European control.
In 1810, Bolivar’s army kicks the Spanish governor out of Venezuela.
In 1811, a new constitution proclaimed Venezuela independent of the Spanish rule.
Soon after, Spanish royalists defeated the new country’s army & Bolivar was forced to go to New Granada.
SIMON BOLIVAR ( EL LIBERTADOR)
Bolivar organized a bigger army and went back into Venezuela.
In 1813, Bolivar’s army won and took control of Venezuela’s capital, Caracas.
Bolivar was nicknamed El Libertador.
Over the next few years, Bolivar liberated New Granada, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Upper Peru.
MIGUEL HIDALGO
Hidalgo was a Catholic priest in a town of Dolores.
He began the to struggle for Mexico’s independence in 1810.
On September 16th, 1810, “Cry of Dolores” was called for revolution.
MIGUEL HIDALGO
He rang church bells and he shouted, “Long live our Lady of Guadalupe!” “Death to bad government!” And “Death to the Spaniards!”.
An army of Mestizos & Native Americans gathered behind Hidalgo.
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MIGUEL HIDALGO/ MEXICO’S INDEPENDENCE
Over 80,000 people joined the fight but the army was defeated by the Spanish.
Hidalgo was soon captured and then executed in 1811.
Mexicans continued to fight for the independence of Mexico over the next decade.
