Law of Conservation of Mass

Question 1

The mass of the reactants must be_______ to the mass of the products for a ________ thermodynamic process

Answer 1

equal ,low energy

Question 2

Law of Conservation of Mass

Answer 2

Mass in through system boundaries - Mass out through system boundaries + Mass generated within system - Mass consumed within system = Mass accumulated within system

Question 3

The total amount of cell mass formed by cell growth is proportional to ____________

Answer 3

the mass of the substrate.

Question 4

Yield coefficients are defined based on the _______________

Answer 4

amount of consumption of another material.

Question 5

Yield coefficients equation

Answer 5

Yx/s = -delta X/ delta S

Question 6

The stoichiometric relationship is relevant if the ____________________ for a particular cell cultivation system

Answer 6

yield factor is approximately constant

Question 7

Either ____________ or _____________ changes alone can determine the other quantity through stoichiometry

Answer 7

substrate, cell mass

Question 8

____________ describes the relationship between the amount of biomass microorganisms produce and the amount of ___________during a specific growth or fermentation process.

Answer 8

Yield Factor Variation, substrate consumed

Question 9

These are the changes or variations in this relationship under different conditions

Answer 9

Yield Factor Variation

Question 10

different conditions for yield factor variation

Answer 10

variations in environmental factors
nutrient availability
the type of microorganism used

Question 11

This indicates how efficiently microorganisms convert a given substrate into biomass and other products.

Answer 11

Yield Factor Variation

Question 12

This involves the incorporation of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and various trace elements and compounds into ___________ like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Answer 12

Assimilation into Cell Mass
cellular components

Question 13

Microorganisms assimilate (absorb) nutrients, including ____________ into their __________ during growth.

Answer 13

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and various trace elements
cell mass

Question 14

cellular components

Answer 14

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Question 15

This occurs through the catabolic metabolism of substrates in pathways.

Answer 15

Provision of Energy for Cell Synthesis

Question 16

The energy generated in the __________ in pathways is used to drive ___________ (necessary for building cellular components.)

Answer 16

catabolic metabolism of substrates
biosynthetic reactions

Question 17

Microorganisms also require energy for maintenance activities to keep themselves alive and functional.

Answer 17

Provision of Energy for Maintenance

Question 18

Maintenance energy is expended on tasks like ______________________, _________________________and _________________ in the absence of active growth

Answer 18

maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane
repairing cellular damage
sustaining basic cellular functions

Question 20

For a substrate that exists as both a carbon _______ and ________ source, the total substrate utilization may be expressed as:

Answer 20

source and an energy
delta s = delta s assimilation + delta s growth energy + delta s maintenance energy

Question 21

type of bioreactor used in biochemical engineering for the __________cultivation of microorganisms under controlled conditions.

Answer 21

Chemostat, continuous

Question 22

It is a key tool in the field of bioprocessing and plays a crucial role in the production of various bioproducts (pharmaceuticals, biofuels, enzymes, and other biologically derived compounds.)

Answer 22

Chemostat

Question 23

__________ provides a continuous environment for microbial growth, as opposed to batch cultures where microorganisms grow until ________

Answer 23

Chemostat, nutrients are depleted

Question 24

In a chemostat, __________ is continuously added while an __________ is removed (maintaining a constant volume in the bioreactor)

Answer 24

fresh growth medium , equal volume of culture

Question 25

________ on biological reactions can easily be written when the compositions of the following are known: ____________________

Answer 25

Material balance o Substrates/Carbon Source – glucose, methane o Products – carbon dioxide, water, other extracellular products o Cellular material

Question 26

________ are required in addition to elemental balances to determine the ________

Answer 26

Electron-proton balances stoichiometric coefficients in bioreactions.

Question 27

2 balances needed

Answer 27

elemental electron-proton balances

Question 28

As the simplest illustration of the elemental balance approach to stoichiometry, we consider first aerobic growth ____________, that is, where the only products of the growth reaction are cells, ___________.

Answer 28

without product formation CO2 and H2O

Question 29

to describe cell growth and related metabolic activities in the same way as used for simple chemical reactions, it is first necessary to establish _____________________________

Answer 29

a chemical formula for dry cell material.

Question 30

If the ____________ of a particular strain growing under particular conditions is known, the __________ in the empirical cell formula C, H, O, N, are determined

Answer 30

% elemental composition ratios of subscripts

Question 31

In order to establish a unique cell formula and corresponding __________, it has proved convenient to employ a formula which contains_________________

Answer 31

formula weight one gram-atom of carbon.

Question 32

_____________ is a crucial and quantifiable measure in a living system. It is defined as the ratio of moles of 𝐶𝑂2 produced to moles of 𝑂2 taken up.

Answer 32

The respiration quotient (RQ)

Question 33

A useful measurable parameter for determining the stoichiometric coefficients

Answer 33

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Question 34

it offers insights into the cell's metabolic condition. It serves as the fifth equation to determine the unknowns.

Answer 34

The respiration quotient (RQ)

Question 35

A high RQ indicates _______________, signifying efficient metabolism.

Answer 35

significant 𝐶𝑂2 production

Question 36

________ are formed during growth in addition to biomass in many fermentations.

Answer 36

Extracellular products

Question 37

When there is ______________, the stochiometric equation can be modified to reflect product synthesis.

Answer 37

product formation

Question 38

The pertinent stoichiometries for product formation may be classified into four classes

Answer 38

1. Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism 2. Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism 3. Main product is a secondary metabolite 4. Biotransformation

Question 39

The utilization of substrates, the synthesis of cellular mass, and the production of products are interconnected

Answer 39

1. Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism

Question 40

similar to how they occur in a simple chemical reaction.

Answer 40

1. Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism

Question 41

Production of ethanol from the anaerobic growth of yeast

Answer 41

Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism

Question 42

The amount of product formed may not necessarily be proportional to the utilization of substrates or the increase in cell mass.

Answer 42

Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism

Question 43

Its stoichiometry representation requires an independent reaction for product formation.

Answer 43

Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism

Question 44

Production of citric acid during aerobic mold cultivation

Answer 44

Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism

Question 45

It depends on particular substrates and products involved. Example: Production of penicillin in aerated mold culture.

Answer 45

Main product is a secondary metabolite

Question 46

factors involved in Main product is a secondary metabolite

Answer 46

FACTORS: dictated by kinetic regulation and cell activities.

Question 47

In an aerobic system, by requiring more maintenance, this uses ________________, which lowers output yields.

Answer 47

more substrate for energy production under Main product is a secondary metabolite

Question 48

The product is obtained from the substrate through one or more reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the cells.

Answer 48

4. Biotransformation

Question 49

 It depends on particular substrates and products involved.  Example: steroid hydroxylation

Answer 49

4. Biotransformation