Lay Beliefs And Health Promotion

Question 1

What are lay beliefs?

Answer 1

How people understand health and illness
Constructed by people with no specialised knowledge
Socially embedded
Drawn from many different sources

Question 2

What is the negative definition of health?

Answer 2

Health equates to the absence of illness

Question 3

What is the functional definition of health?

Answer 3

Health is the ability to do certain things

Can they still do what is important to them?

Question 4

What is the positive definition of health?

Answer 4

Health is a state of well-being and fitness

Something you can aspire to and work towards

Question 5

Describe candidacy

Answer 5

The idea that only a certain type of people get a particular illness therefore others are unlikely to get it

Question 6

What is a health behaviour?

Answer 6

Activity undertaken for purpose of maintain health and preventing illness

Question 7

Define illness behaviour

Answer 7

Activity of an ill person to define illness and seek solution

Question 8

What is sick role behaviour?

Answer 8

Formal response to symptoms including seeking formal help and action of person as a patient

Question 9

Name some influences on health behaviour

Answer 9

Culture
Visibility or salience of Sx
Extent to which Sx disrupt life
Frequency and persistent 
Tolerance threshold 
Info and understanding 
Availability of resources
Lay referral

Question 10

What is the lay referral system?

Answer 10

The chain advice-seeking contact which the sick make with other lay people prior to/instead of seeking help from HCPs

Question 11

Describe deniers/distancers

Answer 11

Deny having the disease or ‘proper’
Because it doesn’t interfere with life
Use strategies to hide it and don’t take medication or attend clinics

Question 12

Describe acceptors

Answer 12

Accepted diagnosis and advice completely
Normal life involves control of Sx via media
Not a stigmatised identity
Proactive about going to clinics etc

Question 13

Describe pragmatists

Answer 13

Use their medications but only when it gets bad

Not as prescribed

Question 14

Describe the principle of empowering in health promotion

Answer 14

Enabling individuals and communities to assume more power over the determinants of their health

Question 15

Describe the participatory principle of health promotion

Answer 15

Involving all concerned at all stages of the process

Question 16

Describe the holistic principle of health promotion

Answer 16

Fostering physical, mental, social and spiritual health

Question 17

Describe the intersectoral principle of health promotion

Answer 17

Involving collaboration of agencies from relevant sectors

Question 18

Describe the equitable principle of health promotion

Answer 18

Guided by concern for equity and social justice

Question 19

Describe the sustainable principle of health promotion

Answer 19

Bringing about changes that individuals and communities can maintain once funding has ended

Question 20

Describe the multi-strategy principle of health promotion

Answer 20

Using a variety of approaches

Question 21

What are the criticisms of health promotion?

Answer 21

Neglecting wider environment
Focus on individuals responsibility - victim blaming?
Monitoring and regulating the population - unethical?
Life choices are tied up with identity - easier for wealthy

Question 22

What is the medical/preventive approach to health promotion?

Answer 22

Early detection and treatment

Prevention of consequences or prevent risky behaviour starting

Question 23

What is the behaviour change approach to health promotion?

Answer 23

Health behaviours and theories for psych used in campaigns

For patients and doctors because practice may need changing

Question 24

What is the education approach to health promotion?

Answer 24

Give info about effects of risky behaviour

Stop or prevent starting

Question 25

What is the empowerment approach to health promotion?

Answer 25

Patient centred | Asking them what they want to know and how they might go about changing behaviour

Question 26

What is the social change approach to health promotion?

Answer 26

Creating the healthy behaviour as the norm | Eg. Banning smoking in public places

Question 27

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

Answer 27

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Question 28

Describe primary prevention

Answer 28

To prevent onset of disease or injury by reducing exposure to risk factors Eg. Immunisation, prevention of contact

Question 29

Describe secondary prevention

Answer 29

To detect and treat a disease (or its risk factors) at an early stage Eg. Screening for cancer, monitoring BP

Question 30

Describe tertiary prevention

Answer 30

Minimise the effects established disease | Eg. Rehab

Question 31

What are the 3 types of health promotion evaluation?

Answer 31

Process Impact Outcome

Question 32

Describe process evaluation of health promotion

Answer 32

Assess process of programme implementation Interviews, observation etc Wide range of qualitative methods

Question 33

Describe impact evaluation of health promotion

Answer 33

Assess immediate effects of intervention More popular as is easiest Need to have collected baseline date first

Question 34

Describe outcome evaluation of health promotion

Answer 34

Measure more long term consequences | May be affected by delay (interventions taking a long time to have an effect) or decay (some interventions wear off)

Question 35

What are the difficulties with evaluation of health promotion?

Answer 35

Design of intervention - several bits? Possible lag time Confounding factors High cost of evaluations