LC flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
Ballast Efficacy Factor equation
A
(Ballast Factorx100)/Input Watts
2
Q
Ballast Efficacy Factor definition
A
BEF is the ratio of ballast output to input power. Used to compare different ballast on a light output to power consumption basis
3
Q
In order to compare ballast based on ballat efficacy factor what must be true?
A
Ballasts are operating the same number and type of lamps
4
Q
What is the ratio b/w a light source and size of reflect
A
1:5
5
Q
What is the equation for NPV when PVfactor is given
A
NPV = annual savings amount X PVfactor - Initial investment
6
Q
What is VDT
A
Video Display Terminal
7
Q
To avoid direct glare, what should the luminaire shielding angle be
A
> 45 deg
8
Q
What does iprgc stand for and what do they do?
A
Intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglio cell. 1% of ganglion cells in retina, non-visual but are nerve connection to biologic clock
9
Q
From LEED what does IEQ, SS, and EA stand for?
A
Indoor enviornmental quality, and sustainable site, energy & atmosphere
10
Q
What is VLT?
A
Variable Light Transmittance. Describes how much visible component of sunlight is transmitted
11
Q
What is the max sensitivity of cones which wavelengths and colors
A
555 nm, green/yellow
12
Q
What information does the UL label provide?
A
Air tight/sealed, damp/wet, max wattage, IC or nonIC.
Air penetration, water penetration, max electrical, IC, lamp type
13
Q
What are the boundaries for the non-IC fixtures
A
Insulation must be more than 3” away from the sides of the fixture and more than 1/2” from top
14
Q
NEC: splices
A
Splices must be accessible through ceiling or fixture
15
Q
NEC: Fixture mounting
A
Must be secured to building structure
16
Q
NEC: % cicuirt loading
A
No more than 80% of capacity
17
Q
NEC: Restrictions on clothes closet lighting
A
No pendant
Enclosed
Surface of recessed fluorescent lumianires
Surface or recessed LED identified for use within closets
18
Q
NEC: fixture dist from goods in residential clothes closet
A
12” for surface mounted or LED fixtures w/ enclosed
6” for all others
19
Q
How to determine total amps given voltage and wattage
A
I = W/V
20
Q
For 90.1, what controls are needed in exterior dusk to dawn lighting
A
Photocell or astronomic time switch
21
Q
90.1 What kind of controls are needed in exterior non dusk to dawn lighting
A
Photocell & time switch
22
Q
90.1 What are the parking garage requirements?
A
Perimeter must use daylight reduction to min of 30% when no activity of max 30min. Lighting zone can be no larger than 3600sqft
23
Q
Luminance ratios for object to background? distant focal cue? Dominating focal point
A
Object:Background = 3:1
Object:Focal cue = 10:1
Object: dom.focal point = 100:1
24
Q
IES targer reflectances for ceiling, walls, and floor
A
80-50-20
25
List of non-recoverable light loss factor
Ambient temp, voltage, ballast factor, luminaire surface depreciation
26
List of recoverable light loss factors
LLD
Lamp Burn Out
LDD
RSDD
27
Define IP testing. How is the frist level dust protection signaled? How are jets signaled? How is submersion signaled
Ingress protection. 1st level dust IP5X, 1st level Jets IPX5, 1st level submersion IP X7
28
How to estimate spacing for uplight lumens based on spec
4 - 8 x mounting distance to ceiling
29
Equation for projected area of luminaire
Surface area x Cosine of viewing angle
30
Equation for energy cost/year/fixture
Watts x hours x kwh rate / 1000
31
8 components of integrated daylighting system
```
Daylight and view aperatures
Glazing selection
Sun control devices
Light redirecting devices
Furniture and partitions
Room and geometry surfaces
Plan form & orientation
Lighting controls
```
32
When is a nearby building considered a side lighting obstruction
If top of adjacent building is 25deg from horizon then it interferes with side lights
33
What happens during punch list
Confirm drawings vs. whats installed: lamps, ballasts, power supplies, final aiming, control programming
34
What does U factor measure
Rate of heat loss
35
Which RP covers office lighting
RP-1
36
Which RP covers educational lighting
RP-3
37
Which RP covers library
RP-4
38
Which RP covers daylighting
RP-5
39
Which RP covers economics of lighting
RP-31
40
Which RP covers roadway
RP-8
41
How do you calculate daylight section depth from sidelighting (primary and secondary)
Zone 1 - Primary - Head height of window
| Zone 2 - Secondary - Hed height of window times 2
42
What is a perfectly diffuse surface called
Lambertian
43
What kind of reflectance creates a mirror image
Specular
44
List the steps of the design process in order
```
Programming
Schematic Design
Design Development
Contact docs
Bidding & Negotiation
Construction Administration
Post occupancy eval
```
45
List the facotrs of visibility and task performance
Luminance, Contrast, Color contrast, size, movement, time, age
46
During which design step do you determine existing building conditions
Programming existing conditions
47
During which design step do you determine design constraints
Programming design givens
48
During which design step do you determine design goals
Programming design goals
49
During which design step do you determine design criteria
Programming design criteria
50
What is a solar shade and what does it do
A mesh blind along windws which blocks direct sun, allows for a view, reduces heat gain, allows diffuse light to come through
51
During which design step do you submit and/or review lighting cut sheets
Construction Administration
52
Define scotopic vision? What fc level, where is peak wavelenght? what anatomy?
Vision when adapted to dark enviorment. <0.1fc or <0.034cd/m2. Rods only, no fovea, no color, peripheral. Peak wavelength = 500nm
53
Define photopic vision? What fc level, what anatomy? Where is peak wavelength?
Vision adapted to most interior lighted conditions. >1fc or >3.4cd/m2. Cone, foveal, color, detail. 550nm peak
54
What tool is used to measure luminous intensity and what is the unit of measure
Goniophotometer, candela
55
List CIE indoor classifications and the % uplight and downligh
```
Direct - 90-100
Semi-Direct - 60-90
Direct/Indirect - 50 - batwing uplight
General Diffuse - 40-60
Semi-indirect - 10-40
Indirect 0-10
```
56
During which design step do you select specific luminaires
Design Development
57
Discuss the acitons and physiology of accommodation
Ability to focus at different distances. Lens is adjusted in convexity and length
58
Discuss the actions and physiology of adaptation
Changing sensitivity to light levels. Pupil change size, neural system changes, change in rods/cones activation
59
Which vision has S/P ratios
Mesopic
60
During which design step do you create a controls schedule
Contact documentation
61
Luminance, define, symbol, unit of measure
Measure of light emitting from a surface in a specific direction. L - cd/ft^2, cd/m*2
62
What are the wavelength ranges of the visual spectrum
380-780, ROYGBIV high to low Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
63
What does PAR stand for
Parabolic aluminized reflector or pressed reflector lamp.
64
Define visual acuity
Ability to distinguish a visual task
65
Which lighting measurement do we perceive
Luminance
66
Discuss quantity and dispersion of rods and cones on the retina
Rods: 120 million - Dispersed evenly over retina except none in fovea
Cones: 8 million. Heavily concentrated in fovea, sparse elsewhere
67
Describe halogen cycle
Tungsten atoms evaporate from filament, combine with halogen atoms, tung-hal return to filament, redepost tungsten, halogen is released to do it again
68
Max sensitivity of roads and what wavelength/color
507 nm, blue/green
69
What happens before and during design development
Before: Programming, schematic design
During: details of lighting, select luminaires, layout, controls
70
What happens before and during bidding
```
Before:
Programming
Schematic Design
Detailed Design
Contract Documents
During: Financial analysis, negotiation
```
71
Programming, which step and what are actions
Step 1 - Survey, audit
Owner & design team preferences &impressions
Visual & perceptual needs
Security issues
Architectural opportunities and constraints
Photometric considerations of existing installation
Budget
Energy Limitations
Maintenance concerns
72
What is best direction for side lighting
North with south as second. North doesn't recieve much direct sun, while south can be controlled easily. East and West causes direct sun which is hard to mitigate
73
During which design step do you determine the desired lighting results
programming
74
Equation for life cycle cost
Cost to buy + cost to maintain + life energy cost + replacement cost - salvage value
75
For Haz what does class 1, 2, and 3 mean? What does div 1 or div 2
```
Class 1: Flammable Gas
Class 2: Combustible dust
Class 3: Combustible fiber
Div1: Normal Operations
Div2: Abnormal operations
```
76
What comes before schematic design? What is done during it
```
Programming.
Design considerations
Originate scheme or concept for lighting (mockup) & present
Review RP's
Prelim budge
```
77
Definte Daylight setback or holdback
When occ sensor has photocell override and won't turn light on if people are in the space AND illuminance meets daylight set point.
78
Exitance, define symbol unit of measure
Total light coming off a surface. M. lm/ft^2
79
During which design step do you determine the desired lighting effects
Schematic design
80
Define Mesopic. What FC level, what anatomy
Vision at low ambient. 0.1`
81
Name three forms of daylighting
Sky light, reflected light (off bldg, road, grnd), direct sunlight
82
List NFPA 101 emergency egress reqs
Initial avg >= 1fc. Initial min >=0.1ftc. Max:min <= 40:1
Lights to stay on for 90 min
% of lumens to maintain at the end of 90 min: 60%
Test EM lighting for 30 sec every 30 days and 1.5 hours once a year
No more than a 10 sec delay when switching
83
Define Spatial daylight autonomy (SDA)
% of annual daytime hours that a given point in a space is above a specificed illumination level due to daylighting only. Ex. SDA300,50% means 300lux for 50% of the operating hours in a year.
84
Define continuous daylight autonomy
Same as daylight autonomy but additional credits if light is below the user defined threshold
85
Illuminance: define, symbol, UOM
Density of light on a surface: E, fx or lux
86
Define Luminaire efficiency
Ratio of luminous flux emitted by a luminaire to the luminous flux emitted by the lamp(s)
87
Lamp Efficacy
LPW
88
How do you determine max allowable spacing using SC
Max spacing = SC X H
89
Define coefficient of utilization
% of lumens from lamp that make their way to the work plane
90
What happens in the post occupancy evaluation?
Operations and maintenance, audit lighting performance, energy consumption, user experience
91
What comes before construction administation and what happens during
Bidding comes before.
| Review submittals, change orders, installation, punch list, commissioning
92
Name three things that factor into the point method of calculation
Intensity, distance, angle -
Ehor = Horziontal illuminance (fc, lux) = I (luminious intensity, cd) * cos(angle)/ D^2
Evert same as horzi but sin(angle)
93
What can you do to make a space seem more intimate
Light the horizontal surfaces
94
What can you do to make a space seem larger
Light the vertical surfaces
95
What can you do to bring out texture of a wall/surface
Graze
96
Contract/construction documents what comes before
```
Design Development comes before.
Controls schedule/spec
Detailed drawings
Lighting schedule/spec
Lighting and controls plan
```
97
Lamp seasoning time and on time before measurements post seasoning
No more than 20 hours for incandescent
100 hours for gases (fluorescent, HID, LPS).
if seasoning is not necessary allow HID and Fluorescent 1 hour to warm up.
98
List NFPA 101 egress requirements
Min 1fc avg no less than 0.1 fc along path. 40:1 max, New stairs:10fc, Old Stairs 1fc. Assembly occupancies on exit access 0.2fc. No single lamp failure can result in <0.2fc.
Occ sensors with min 15 min delay
99
ADA spacing regarding lightings is what
Wall sconces can not protrude more then 4" b/w 27" and 80" AFF
100
Define beam angle and field angle
Beam angle = 50% of max intensity in both directions
| Field: 10% of max intensity both directions
101
Zonal cavity calc give what
Horizontal illuminance
102
Mix and get what:
Blue and Green
Green and red
Red and blue
Cyan
Yellow
Magenta
103
If investing do you want NPV to be more or less money when comparing options
Less. Less it costs in today's money the better
104
How does discount rate effect project finances
Lower the discount rate, the less effect time has on value
105
Equation for simple payback and ROI
Simple Payback = Investment/annual savings (years)
| ROI = savings/investment (percentage)
106
The longer the simple payment the _____ percentage the ROI will be
Lower
107
Horizontal blinds are best for which windows?
| Vertical blinds are best for?
Horizontal: South facing
Vertical: East or west facing
108
Discuss items affecting voltage drop and how to remedy
```
Gauge of wire, load, voltage, distance
Increase gauge (smaller number)
Increase voltage
Shorten run
Reduce load
```
109
If area is daylight what should the CCT be
3500K or greater
110
What does LSG stand for and mean?
Solar Heat gain Ratio. Need to look up
111
What does SHGC stand for and mean?
Solar heat gain coefficient. Need to look up.
112
Define Ampere
Intensity of electrical flow. Symbol is "I" or "A"
113
Adaptation
Process by which retina becomes accustomed to more or less light than immediately preceding period.
114
Average rated life
Hours when 50% of a large group of lamps have failed when operated on a nominal lamp voltage and current. 3 hours/start for fluorescent, 10 hours/start for HID
115
Ballast efficacy factor (BEF)
Ballast factor (x 100 to produce a whole number) divided by input watts. Used to measure the level of efficiency of similar ballast models.
116
Ballast factor
Measurability of a particular ballast to produce light from the lamps it powers. Derived by the lumen output of a particular lamp/ballast combination divided by the lumen output of the same lamps on a reference ballast.
117
Ballast types
Magnetic, Hybrid or "low frequency", High frequency electronic
118
Magnetic ballast
Inefficient device used a core and coil assembly transformer to perform the minimum functions to start and operate a lamp
119
Hybrid/Low frequency Electronic
A magnetic ballast with a few electronic components that switch off voltage to the lamp coil once lamp has started. Minimal increase in efficiency is obtained with more expensive magnetic core material and turning off power to coils during operation
120
High frequency electronic
Operates lamps above 20,000 hz. Best efficiency for traditional technologies
121
Passive daylighting system
Daylighting system using photocells, shades and lighting control
122
Active daylighting system
Uses heliostat to track and direct sunlight
123
Candela
Measurement of luminous intensity
124
Candlepower distribution
Represents variation in luminous intensity in cd in a plane through the light center of the lamp. Typical distribution graph
125
Center beam Candle Power (CBCP)
Intensity of light produced at center (nadir) of a reflector lamp beam
126
Coefficient of utilization
% of lamp lumens that are received on the work plan. Function of luminaire efficiency, room geometry, and room surface reflectances. CU values found on the spec sheet.
127
Cut off angle
Angle measured from nadir to the first line of sight at which the bare source is not visible
128
CIE: Direct luminaire
90-100% light down
129
Disability glare
Reduces ability to perceive visual information. Too much light becomes scattered in the eye
130
Luminaire efficiency
Ratio of lumen output of the fixture divided by lumen output of the lamps alone
131
How do fluorescent lamps work?
Low pressure mercury discharge lamp with fluorescing coating (phosphor) transforms UV to visible light.
132
Footcandle
Measurement of illuminances. (1lm/ft2)
133
Lux
Measurement of illuminances. (1lm/m2)
134
Harmonic
Electronic frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency ex. 60 hz is fundamental, 120 hz is 2nd harmonic, 180 is 3rd harmonic. THD reflects the distortion to these.
135
How does an HID lamp work?
Electronic discharge lamp where a light producing arc is stabilized by a wall temperature and the arc tube. Need more info here!
136
How does an HPS lamp work?
HID lamp where light is produced by passing electric current through sodium vapor. Can operate in any position and be clear or coated
137
Illuminance
Light falling (incident) on a surface. Not perceived to the eye but rather reflected light is (luminance)
138
Induction lamp
Light generated by induction or transmission of energy via magnetic field + gas discharge. No electrodes. Very long rated life 60,000-100,000 hours
139
Incident light
Light that falls onto a surface or object
140
CIE indirect lighting
0-10% down
141
Instant Start Ballast
Apply high voltage across lamp with no preheating of the cathode. Most energy efficient starting method for fluorescent lamp ballasting. 1.5 - 2 W less than rapid start. Less complex wiring, works at colder temps. Shorter lamp life if frequent switching
142
Lamp Current crest factor (LCCF)
Ratio of peak lamp current to the RMS (average) lamp current. Lamp manufacturers require an LCCF of <1.7 for long lamp life
143
How to calculate LLD
Mean lumens/Initial Lumens
144
Luminance
Referred to as brightness of photometric brightness. Portion of lighting the eye perceives. Light reflected off or transmitted through a surface in a given direction
145
Maintained Illuminance Level
Initial illumination level from luminaires adjusted for LLF's
146
Mean lumens
For fluorescent and HID typically measured at 40% life. HPS and Mercury measured at 50% life. Not typically measured for filament lamps
147
Mercury Vapor Lamps
Produces light by passing an electric current through mercury vapor. Electrodes made of tungsten. Emission material slowly evaporates from electrode
148
MH lamp
HID lamp in which visible light is produce by radition of metal halides. Bulbs can be clear or phosphor coated
149
Power factor
Measure of the effectiveness with which an electrical devices converts volt-amperes to watts
150
Programmed Rapid start
Method of starting fluorescent lamps where cathode heat is applied prior to the lamp being ignited. Preferred mode of lamp stating for applications with occ sensors or several on/off cycles per day. Same temperature as instant start
151
Rapid start
Preheat cathodes. Slight starting delay. 50F
152
TCLP (Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)
EPA regulated test to determine whether waste is to be treated as hazardous or non-hazardous
153
Trigger start
Circuit used to eliminate the start and start the preheat lamp almost instantly
154
Tungsten Halogen Lamp
Gas filled tungsten incandescent lamp containing certain proportion of halogens
155
RFI
Radio frequency interference
156
IS
Instant Start ballast
157
PS
Programmed Start
158
RS
Rapid Start
159
TCLP
Toxicity Characteristic leaching procedure
160
EPACT
Energy Policy Act of 1992, min LPW, lamp labeling for incandescent and fluorescent. Requires all states to adopt a building code that meets or exceeds 90.1
161
FEMP
Federal Energy Management Program provides guidance on lamp purchases
162
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1990 - created the TCLP
163
RSDR
Room Surface Dirt depreciation
164
LBO
Lamp burnout factor - Ratio of illuminance (or exitance or luminance) provided when a lighting system is allowed to operate with a set number of lamps burned out to that provided when all lamps are operating
165
First level analysis
Cost of light, simple payback, simple rate of return
166
Second level analysis
LCCBA, Savings-investment ratio, internal rate of return
167
BCD
Borderline between comfort and discomfort. Average luminance of a source produces a sensation b/w comfort and discomfort
168
BRDF
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function - describe how light is reflected (output, color, angle) at an opaque surface.
169
MF
Maintenance Factor
170
RTP
Relative Task performance
171
RVP
Relative visual performance
172
VCP
Visual Comfort probability - Rating of a lighting system expressed as a % of people (in identical situations) who find the lighting acceptable in terms of discomfort glare. Higher is better
173
Iris
Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. Forms the colored visible part of the sys in front of the lens. Light entes through a central opening (pupil)
174
Cornea
Transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball. Refracts light entering the eye onto the lens. Very sensitive to pain
175
Lens
Behind the Iris/pupil. Helps refract incoming light and focus it onto the retina. Cataract is when lens becomes cloudy
176
Choroid
Middle layer of eye between retina and sclera. Contains pigment that absorbs excess light to prevent blurred vision
177
Ciliary Body
Part of the eye that connects the choroid to the iris
178
Retina
Light sensitive layer that lines the interior of the eye. Contains rods and cones.
179
Macula
Small central portion of the retina provides the clearest most distinct vision. When looking directly at something the light from that object forms an image on one macula
180
Fovea
Center of macula. Cones only. To detect faint stars in the sky don't look directly at them then the rods will pick it up
181
Optic disk
Portion of the optic nerve found on the retina. Blind spot
182
Optic nerve
Leaves the eye at the optic disk, transfers all visual information to the brain
183
Sclera
White part of eye.
184
Owner & Design team preferences & impressions
Programming
Space function
Building materials, room finishes, architectural style
Space plan, furniture style
Important features (ex. art & signage)
Comfort level and satisfaction of occupants
Need for flexibility of space function
Exterior features: image, security, landscape
185
Visual and Perceptual needs
Programming
Age
Tasks to be performed, importance and duration
Times of occupancy
Psychological needs for light
Shape of task particularly in industrial areas
186
Architectural opportunities and constraints
Programming
Architectural features, interior and exterior
Historical constraints
Ceiling heights, type
Plenum depth
Location and size of structural members and mechanical ducts
Window and skylight locations & orientations
Construction safety codes
Electrical system
Construction schedule
Landscape features
187
Photometric considerations
Programming
Critical vision: task areas & immediate surround
General field of view: highlights and ambient
Distinct surround: circulation, transitional areas
188
Budget
Programming
Initial cost (installed)
Maintenance and energy cost
Life-cycle cost
189
Energy limitations
Programming
Energy code requirements
Incentive programs
190
Maintenance considerations
```
Programming
Lamp Performance
Type of environment
LDD
RSDD
Planned maintenance program
```
191
Lighting effects
```
Enlarging space
Smaller or more intimate
Grazing
Wall washing
Framing
Accent
Ambient
Visible fixtures
```
192
How do you use light to enlarge a space
Indirect and ambient light. Bright and evenly lit ceiling, wall, and floor, high reflectance surfaces
193
How do you use light to make a space look smaller/more intimate
Direct shielded luminaires recessed, concentrated beam spreads
194
Typical lamp efficacies
```
Incandescent - 10-40LPW
Halogen - 20-45
Fluorescent - 35-105
Mercury - 50-60
MH - 60-120
HPS- 60-140
```
195
Typical lamp lumens
```
100W A19 - 1500lm
100W Halogen T4 - 1800lm
32W CFL 4 pin - 2400lm
F32T8 - 2950lm
Fluorescent FP28T5 - 2600-2900lm
Pulse start 100W MH - 8500lm
100W HPS clear E17 - 9500lm
```
196
What does NEC codify
```
Sizing of wires and conduit
Mounting methods of fixtures and conduit
Sizing of breakers/dimmers/fuses
Wiring methods
Types of lighting for single residence, multi-residence, and commercial buildings
```
197
Building Area method
Used in 90.1 - quick and simple process for calculating prescriptive interior lighting power allowance for whole building types.
LPA = Lighting power (watts) / Area
198
Space by space method
Used in 90.1 - LPA calculated room by room
| LPA = Lighting power (watts)/Area
199
NEMA classification
Used on Floodlights only - Based on field angle
Higher field angle larger NEMA number
1-7
Results in horizontal and vertical ex. NEMA 5 X4
200
ADAAG
Americans with Disability Act Accessibility guidance:
Size and height of wall sconces
Requirements for illuminated exit signs to provide sound and flashing light
201
LEED optimization energy performance requirements required what percent below 90.1
Meet for qualification, additional points for each 10%
202
Daylight penetration based on head height
1.5 - 2 X head height
203
What % loading can you load a circuit?
80% for safety
204
What lighting technology flickers at the end of it's life
HPS
205
IES Roadway and Area Luminaire Classifications: Type 1
oblong with small bumps forward and backward at center. Good for walkways, paths, and sidewalks. Narrower paths or roadway. Located on median
206
IES Roadway and Area Luminaire Classifications: Type 2
oblong wider the one no bumps. Wide walkways, ramps, entrance roadways. Located near roadside.
207
IES Roadway and Area Luminaire Classifications: Type 3
oblong wider than 2. General roadway lighting, parking areas. Larger area of light required.
208
IES Roadway and Area Luminaire Classifications: Type 4
oblong wider than 3 (forward throw). Semi circular. Perimeter of parking areas and businesses.
209
IES Roadway and Area Luminaire Classifications: Type 5
Circular
210
IES Roadway and Area Luminaire Classifications: Type 6
Square with defined edge
211
Atrium daylight technique
Large skylight at center of multi story building. Each level can get some sunlight.
212
Clerestory
Vertical windows above eye level. Commonly additional roof pieces similar to a single saw on a sawtooth design
213
What is 1 m in ft
3.28
214
Initial Cost
Luminaire + Lamps + installation + labor + shipping
215
Utility cost
hours x kw x $/kwh
216
Maintenance cost
cost of lamps + cost of labor + business income loss during maintenance
217
Apparent power
Measured in volt ampere. Beer and foam analogy
218
Visual Acuity
Ability of the eye to discern detail.
| Factors: size, luminance, constrast, time, and color
219
For emergency lighting are photoluminescent paints and products sufficient for egress
No, they can be a supplement
220
Max dist between exit signs
100ft
221
Externally and internally lit exit signs
Externally lit exit signs must have constrast of 0.5 and 5fc. Internally lit signed must be tested to UL 924
222
Halogen cycle
Tungsten atoms evaporate from filament.
Tungsten atoms combine with halogen atoms
Compound returns to filament redepositing tungsten
Halogen atoms released to recombine with other tungsten atoms
223
Lamberts cosine law
Reflected or transmitted luminous intensity in any direction from an element of a perfectly diffusing surface will result in luminance being the same regardless of viewing angle.
Lambertian surface is perfectly matte
224
NFPA 70 NEC EM
Uninterrupted power source when switching to EM power.
| HID sources must provide continuous light when switched from normal to EM if part of EM system
225
NFPA 101
Illumination levels.
| Test procedure
226
AFF
Above finished floor
227
How do convex and concave lenses affect light
Convex lens focus rays to a focal point. Distance to focal point is focal length.
Concave lens spread light
228
Factors to determine illuminance levels
Task Characteristics
Task importance
Observer characteristics
229
What are submittals? Who writes them? When do you get submitted? Who reviews them?
All documentation created by the contractor detailing specific products, data, instructions, and other information regarding the build. Submitted in the Construction administration. Design team reviews
230
What are shop drawings? Who writes them? When do you get them? Who reviews
Fabrication and installation drawings specific to the project. Contractor writes them and provides to the design team during the construction administration.
231
When should group lamping be done
80% of rated life
232
T12, T8, T5 which use the same socket? Can they use the same ballast?
T12 and T8. No require a ballast change
233
Type A, Type B, Type C, and Dual what do they mean
Type A - Plug and play, Type B - Line voltage, Type C - New Driver, Dual mode - Plug and play or line voltage
234
What is LCL?
Light center length
235
Define Probe start
No ignitor, electrical contacts to ignite gas and remain lit - Old tech
236
Define Pulse Start
2 contacts and ignitor, rapid restrike, quick start up - newer
237
How does a PIR sensor work?
Detects heat from a body, direct line of sight needed
238
How does ultrasonic work?
Shoots out ultrasonic waves and sees any distrortion that comes back. Do not need a line of sight
239
Plug load controls
Any sensor that controls a power strip or outlet
240
Typical spacing for illuminance measurements
2ft grid
241
Overhead glare - what angles how many cd
above 55-60 deg, 12,000 cd/m2
242
What percentage of daylit hours are needed to be considered effective daylight design
2/3
243
For 90.1, automatic shut off is not required for what scenarios
- Shop and Lab classrooms - safety
- Spaces where an automatic shutoff would endanger the safety or security of the room or building occupants.
- Lighitng required for 24/7 operation
244
What are the lengths of T8 and T5
T8 - 47.8"
| T5 - 45.8
245
At what rated life % should you group relamp
60% - 90% rated life
246
What percentage of lighting alterations is the trigger to comply with 90.1
20% as long as the lighting power is not increased which is also a trigger
247
What does exceeding the RCR threshold for LEED help with?
Gives additional LPD increase = LPD base *0.2
248
For Phase cut dimming, what are forward phase and reverse phase also called?
Forward Phase - Leading edge also known as triac
| Reverse phase - Trailing edge also ELC - electronic low voltage
249
What is the max luminance ratio for task to immediate background surface
3:1
250
What is the max luminance ratio for task to dimmer distant background
10:1
251
What is the max luminance ratio for task to brighter distant background
1:10
252
What is the max luminance for task to daylights or luminaires
1:40
253
What is the max luminance for negative polarity monitor in critical and normal sitations compared to bright ceiling/walls
4: 1 for critical
8: 1 for normal
254
When looking at a linear fixture the plane that cuts through the short width is what? The plane that cuts through the longways is what?
Short width is - perpendicular, across, normal
| Longways is - parallel, along
255
Operating cost includes
Electricity, replacement lamps, cleaning, disposal
256
What is the ADAAG requirement for illumination of elevators
5fc
257
Within sustainable sites for LEED, light pollution allows what type of uplighting
Uplighting that is fully contained in the canopy
258
What type of uplight contributes to skyglow?
Uplight low because it interacts with more air
259
What is the min ceiling height when using indirect?
Must be at least 9' high ceiling
260
When mounting indirect fixture what height should they be aware form the ceiling?
18" Minimum
261
What is more important for daylighting? Latitude or longitude?
Latitude.
262
What type of lamp is a general service lamp
A type
263
What lamp technology is an MR16
Halogen
264
What are the primary colors
Red, green, and blue
265
What is the visible spectrum
380nm - 770nm
266
What nm are these colors:
Blue
Green
Red
400-500
500-600
600-700
