LE 1 Flashcards by Ann Gelsano

Deals with application of geology for a safe, stable, and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

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Application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of civil engineering projects.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

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Deals with the earth sciences. Geology deals with the study of the Earth as a planet.

GENERAL GEOLOGY

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Geology in Construction Jobs (Give 3)

Planning
Design
Construction

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3 Types of Planning

Topographic Maps
Hydrological Maps
Geological Maps

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Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and
demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure. The presence of
nature of slopes, size, contours and depths of valleys and gorges and rate of
change of elevation in various directions can be easily computed from such
maps.

Topographic Maps

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Give details about the distribution and geometry of the surface water
channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water
below the surface of the earth.

Hydrological Maps

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Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as
developed in the proposed area are depicted in geological maps. This gives
the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement
that the site rocks might have undergone in the past.

Geological Maps

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This is the application of geological characters and conditions that finally
dictate the broad contours of the engineering design of an engineering
project, be it a high rise building, road, bridge, dam or a tunnel, etc.

Design

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Geological knowledge is applied and it is of great value to an engineer to
the selection and proper use of the right type of materials of construction
derived from the natural bedrocks, soils, banks and beaches.

Construction

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Exploration and Development of water resources within areas.

The water resources engineer has to understand the water cycle in all
essential details. Study of water cycle is an essential pre-requisite for effective
planning and execution of major water resources development programs on
national and regional levels.

Geology in Water Resources Development

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Land utilization in as best and aesthetic manner as possible for developing
cities and towns for meeting social needs in different areas.

Geology in Town and Regional Planning

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The primary aim is to derive maximum benefits from the natural
environment with minimum disturbance.

Geology in Town and Regional Planning

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Give the 6 Branches of Geology

Physical Geology
Geomorphology
Minerology
Petrology
Historical Geology
Economic Geology

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It deals with the origin, development and ultimate fate of various surface features of the Earth and also with its internal structure.

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

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Is a part of Physical Geology, deals specifically with the study of surface features of the Earth. Primarily on the Land surface.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

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The basic building units of which the solid crust of the earth is made up. Deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties and uses of minerals.

MINEROLOGY

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Minerals occurring in natural aggregated form are call rocks. These rocks form the building blocks that make up the crust of earth. The rocks are themselves made up of minerals defined as building units.

PETROLOGY

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Deals with the past history of earth as deciphered from the study of rocks
and features associated with them. Rocks may be treated as pages of the
Earth’s History.

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

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This branch deals with the study of those minerals and rocks and other
materials (fuels etc) occurring on and in the earth that can be exploited for
the benefit of man. This include a wide variety of ores of all the metals and
non metals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas and atomic minerals)

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

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It has a mean density of ____.

5.517 gm/cm^3

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Volume ng mundo

1.083x10^27 cm^3

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Mass ng mundo

5.975x10^27 g

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It has an equatorial diameter of ___ and a polar diameter of
____.

Equatorial = 12757.776 km
Polar = 12713.824 km

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The Earth is commonly described as a ______.

Spheroid

The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as fas as 700km and even beyond.

Atmosphere

It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth.

Atmosphere

Layers of Atmosphere

Trophosphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere

It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11km.

Trophosphere

Its (trophospshere) upper boundary called ______ lies at about 9km above the poles and at 18km above the equator.

Tropopause

It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.

Stratosphere

The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20km (above tropopause) and then starts increasing.

Stratosphere

Starts at a height of 9km above the surface and continues up to 35km. The Maximum concentration of ozone in this layer is estimated at a height of 20- 25km

Ozone Layer

This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50km above the surface and continues up to a height of about 80km.

Mesosphere

The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km and beyond.

Thermosphere

Specialized zone that starts from 80km and extends upwards to variable heights.

Ionosphere

The most strongly ionized layer is located at the base of ionosphere and is designated as _____. It is also sometimes referred as Kennelly-Heavisiside layer after the names of its discoverers.

D-Layer

The region of atmosphere beyond 700km.

Exosphere

It is a low-density and high temperature region with a minimum atomic collusions.

Exosphere

It is the stony part of the Earth and it includes all the solid materials composing the Earth from the surface downwards.

Lithosphere

It includes only the uppermost shell of the earth, crust and a part of the second layer, the mantle, up to which the material exists in a definite solid state

Lithosphere

Layers of Lithosphere

Crust Mantle Core

It is the uppermost solid shell of the Earth which has varying thickness in different areas.

Crust

Thickness of crust under the oceans

5-6km

Thickness of crust under the continents

30-35km

Thickness of crust under the mountains

60-70km

Zone within the earth that starts from M-discontinuity and continues up to a depth of 2900km.

Mantle

Mantle is made up of extremely basic material called ________, that is very rich in iron and magnesium but quite poor in silica.

Aptly Ultra Basic

Innermost structural shell of the Earth. It starts from a depth of 2900km below the surface and extends right up to the center, at a depth of 6370km. The ______ may be made up of iron and nickel, alloyed in some yet unknown manner.

Core

The liquid like core extending from a depth of 2900km to about 4800km is often termed as ______.

Outer Core

A collective name for all the natural water bodies occurring on or below the surface.

Hydrosphere

This term is sometimes used to express the collective life form, as it exists on the surface and under water.

Biosphere

Starting from 4800km and extending up to 6370km is unknown nature but definitely of solid character and with properties resembling to a metallic body, it is called _______.

Inner Core

More than 98% of the hydrosphere is made up of huge surface bodies of saline water called seas and oceans. Give the 5 oceans.

Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic Antarctic

The possible movement of the continents relative to one another in geological past was first outlined at length by _______ in 1912.

Alfred Wegener

Alfred Wegener postulated a super continent to which he gave the name _______.

Pangaea

Lands in the southern hemisphere including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and peninsular India formed a large continent called _________.

Gondwanaland

The term ________ came to be used to denote the processes involved in the movements and interactions of the plates (tectonic is derived from Greek “tekton”, a builder)

Plate Tectonics

Give the 3 ways of the movement of the plates with respect to one another.

By one plate sliding past another along its margin. By two plates moving away from one another. By two plates moving together and one sliding underneath the edge of the other.

3 Types of Weathering

Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering Biological Weathering

Variety of natural processes that operate to shape the surface of the Earth.

Weathering

Land areas are continually being reduced and their shape modified by weathering and erosion, and the general term for this is ________.

Denudation

__________ or decomposition, is the break down of minerals into new compounds by the action of chemical agents; acids in the air, rain, and in river water.

Chemical weathering

Chemical weathering or _________, is the break down of minerals into new compounds by the action of chemical agents; acids in the air, rain, and in river water.

Decomposition

Dissociation of minerals into ions, greatly aided by the presence of CO2 in the soil profile.

Solution

The combination of oxygen with a mineral to form oxides or any other reaction in which the oxidation number of the oxidized elements is increased.

Oxidation

The release of oxygen from a mineral to its surrounding environment; ions leave the mineral structure as the oxidation number of the reduced element is decreased.

Reduction

Absorption of water molecules into the mineral structure.

Hydration

Hydrogen ions in percolating water replace mineral cations; no oxidation – reduction occurs.

Hydrolysis

The migration of ions produced by the above processes.

Leaching

Absorption onto the surface of negatively charged clay of positively charged cations in solution.

Cation Exchange

Mechanical weathering or ________, breaks down rocks into small particles by the action of temperature, by impact of raindrops and by abrasion from mineral particles carried in the wind.

Disintegration

________ or disintegration, breaks down rocks into small particles by the action of temperature, by impact of raindrops and by abrasion from mineral particles carried in the wind.

Mechanical Weathering

Process where large scale development of fracturing in confined rock masses is attributed to removal of overlaying rock cover due to prolonged erosional work of others.

Unloading

Processes involved in Mechanical Weathering

Unloading Frost Action Thermal Effects (Insolation)

Processes involved in Chemical Weathering

Solution Oxidation Reduction Hydration Hydrolysis Leaching Cation Exchange

The expansion that occurs during the day and the contraction at night, constantly repeated, weakens the structure of the rock.

Thermal Effects (Insolation)

A process referred to as the operation of the “ice-wedge”; it leads to the formation of screes on mountain slopes and produces the serrate appearance of a high mountain sky-line.

Frost Action

Describes those mechanical and chemical changes of the ground that are directly associated with the activities of animals and plants.

Biological Weathering

Rivers, wind, moving ice and water waves are capable of loosening, dislodging and carrying particles of soil, sediment and larger pieces of rock.

Erosion and Deposition

Results in the widening and deepening of their valleys. The rate of erosion is greatly enhanced in the times of flood.

The Work of Rivers

A new land surface is formed by uplift of the sea floor. Streams begin to flow over it and execute valleys.

Valleys

The profile taken along the course of a river also changes during the river’s evolution.

Grade and Rejuvenation

Rapids and waterfalls are formed where a stream flows over rocks of differing hardness.

Waterfalls and Gorges

A river and its tributaries constitute a network whose pattern can be influenced by the position and shape of boundaries separating the various rocks within a catchment.

River Patterns

Examples of River Patterns

Dendritic Rectangular or Trellis Disappearing Radial Superimposed

The processes where materials being transported by a river is deposited to different locations.

River Deposits

General term given to deposits laid down by rivers; it may include fine materials such as silt and mud and coarse sand and gravel.

Alluvium

A river entering a body of water, such as a lake or the sea, drops much of its load of sediment as its velocity is reduced and forms a delta which is gradually built forward into the water.

Deltas

The Works of Rivers

Valleys Grade and Rejuvenation Waterfalls and Gorges River Patterns River Deposits Deltas

The waves which break on a shore erode the land margin by the force of their impact and by the impact of the debris they carry forward.

The Work of the Sea

The Works of the Sea

Tides and Currents Tidal Surges Waves Coastal Erosion

The periodic rise and fall of the sea, or tide, is due to the pull exerted by the sun and moon on the globe.

Tides and Currents

Water movement which is quickly generated and soon over.

Tidal Surges

Wave motion is produced when a water surface is swept by wind. It is an oscillatory motion, and any particle near the surface moves in a vertical circular orbit.

Waves

At the base of coastal cliffs a wave-cut platform is formed, which slopes gently seawards

Coastal Erosion

6 Coastal Marine Deposits

Littoral Drift Spits and bars Cuspate forelands Mud flats Barriers Coral Reefs

The direct effect on land is greatly reduced by vegetation and thus it is bare ground that is most influenced by this agent of erosion.

The Work of the Wind

Works of the Wind

Wind Erosion Wind formed deposits

Blowing over weathered surfaces it removes small loose particles dry and decayed rock, both in deserts and in more temperate regions.

Wind Erosion

These include the coastal sand-hills of temperature regions and in desert barchan dunes, crescentic in shape (in plan) etc.

Wind Formed Deposits

Most readily occurs through open fractures such as joints in exposed rock and the gaping cracks.

Infiltration

Once the water has penetrated the surface, it may commence on a downward journey towards the water table.

Percolation

Is the proportion of void space in the material, unfilled by solid material to the total volume.

Porosity

Formula of Porosity

n = Vv/V

Measure of how readily fluids pass through the material. It is related to the extent to which pore or cracks are interconnected.

Permeability

______ or phreatic zone is the zone where the voids of the soil is fully occupied by water. It is where the groundwater is found and at most, a few kilometers into the crust

Saturated Zone

____ or vadose zone is the zone mostly above the saturated zone, where rocks or soil in which the pore spaces are filled partly with water.

Unsaturated Zone

The top surface of the saturated zone, where the saturated zone is not confined by overlaying impermeable rocks.

Water Table

A rock or soil that holds enough water and transmits it rapidly enough to be useful as a source of water.

Aquifer

Bounded above and below by a low-permeability rocks (aquitards)

Confined Aquifer

Directly overlain by permeable rocks and soil.

Unconfined Aquifer

States how readily the groundwater can move through rocks and soil, and this movement basely is governed by permeability. Groundwater flows from areas of higher hydraulic head to lower. Also states that velocity of flow of water through saturated soil is directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient.

Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow

Formula of Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow

Q = K(A) (∆ℎ/∆i )

The driving force that causes groundwater to move in the direction of maximum decreasing total head.

Hydraulic Gradient

Movement of water in soils.

Seepage

Vibration induced in the earth’s crust due to internal or external causes that virtually shake up a part of the crust and all the structures and living and non-living things existing on it.

Earthquakes

The science dealing with the study of earthquake in all their aspects

Seismology

Or hypocenter, the point on a fault at which the first movement or break occurs during an earthquake.

Focus

The point on the surface vertically above the focus of a particular earthquake

Epicenter

Elastic waves generated at the focus. They travel in all directions with velocities that determines how strong the earthquake is.

Seismic Waves

Also called as primary waves, push and pull waves, longitudinal waves and compressional waves. These are the fastest waves.

P-waves

Secondary waves or shear waves, transverse waves or distortional waves.

S-waves

Long waves or surface waves, confined mainly to the near surface layers of the earth.

L-waves

Give the 2 L-Waves Types.

Love wave Rayleigh Wave

Planar breaks in the rock along which there is displacement of one side relative to the other.

Fault

2 types of Faults.

Strike-slip Fault Dip-slip Fault

Scales of earthquakes.

Magnitude Intensity

Term expressing the rating of an earthquake on the basis of amplitude of seismic waves recorded as seismograms.

Magnitude

Also a term of expressing the rating of an earthquake in a qualitative manner, on the basis of its effects on living and non-living things of the region it occurs.

Intensity

3 Classification of Earthquakes

By depth of focus By magnitude By cause of origin

LE 1 Flashcards

(131 cards)