LE 1

Question 1

What are Floridi’s Clarifications?

1st: Floridi ___ distinguish philosophical problems from philosophical questions. They can be used ___.
2nd: Philosophical questions and answers are ___ equivalent to philosophers’ questions and answers
3rd: Task of Philosophy: Analysis of questions must ___, but then should be followed by ___ of answers

Answer 1

Will Not, Interchangeable, Not, Precede, Synthesis

Question 2

___ refers to the method of studying questions by considering the resources required by their answers.

Answer 2

Resource-oriented approach

Question 3

Note: The nature of problems may be fruitfully studied by focusing on the ___ required in principle to solve them, rather than on their form, meaning, reference, scope, and relevance.

Answer 3

Kind of Resources

Question 4

____ or ___ type of questions may hold that philosophical questions are therefore Socratic questions

Answer 4

“Ti esti…” or What Is

Question 5

Questions that require empirical information: based on experience (e.g., scientific method)

Answer 5

Empirical

Question 6

Questions that require logico-mathematical information; based on logic and computations (e.g., mathematical computations).

Answer 6

Logico-Mathematical

Question 7

Empirical and Logico-mathematical questions should have ___ answers

Answer 7

Factual

Question 7

Questions that do not appeal to world-facts, but appeal to different discourses embodying factual concepts (e.g., philosophical questions)

Answer 7

Open

Question 7

Give the 4 Characteristics of a Philosophical Question

Answer 7

1. Open and ultimate but not absolute questions
2. May be deemed closed under further questioning
3. Possibly constrained by empirical and logico-mathematical resources
4. Require Noetic resources to be answered

Question 7

What we already know, our cultural context, etc.

Answer 7

Noetic Resources

Question 8

Philosophical Questions are answered through our ___

Answer 8

cultural context

Question 9

Philosophical questions are those ____. It is a simple act of humble rationality to admit the possibility that other answers may be equally acceptable, sometimes preferable.

Answer 9

Open to Reasonable Disagreement

Question 10

Art of identifying and clarifying open questions and of designing, proposing, and evaluating explanatory answers.

Answer 10

Philosophy

Question 11

___: Pursuit of Truth
___: Pursuit of Meaning

Answer 11

Science, Philosophy

Question 12

____ is an important primary medium through which philosophical ideas are expressed, debated, and communicated. Without ___, it would be nearly impossible to articulate complex concepts, arguments, and theories.

Answer 12

Language

Question 13

Proceso sa mismong paggawa. We are trying to immerse ourselves in the activity itself.

Answer 13

Lundag

Question 14

1. Natututo ang mga bata
2. Maaring maging automatik ang kanilang pagkilos
3. Mga bagay na tinuturo satin ay nagsisilbing automatic na idea satin

Answer 14

Flower Anecdote

Question 15

1. Curiosity / Sense of Wonder
2. “Kapag hindi nababara sa otomatik na patakaran ang bata, buhay na buhay ang kanyang katutubong pananabik na matuto”
3. Mahalaga ang curiosity o sense of wonder ng bata
4. Maaring gawin niya ang sariling pagiimbestiga, etc.
5. Becomes our foundation for our beliefs today

Answer 15

Shadow Anecdote

Question 16

More on our perception through our sense of sight
Ang ____ ay subjective o personal experience natin

Answer 16

PAgtingin

Question 17

“Ikaw lamang maaaring umunawa kung ikaw nga ang uunawa.”
Understanding something ay also subjective o personal experience natin

Answer 17

Pagtanong

Question 18

Ang taong mapapaniwalaan ay:

Answer 18

• Marunong magmasid;
• Marunong magbunyag sa kanyang nalalaman at nauunawaan
• Makatotohanan

Question 19

Deals with Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Relations

Answer 19

Philosophy of Language

Question 20

• Are signifiers
• Made up of letters
• ‘Terms’ are not used interchangeably with Words
• Possibility of no concept

Answer 20

Words

Question 21

For example, Cat. There’s a concept behind it. On the other hand, a __ can be just ‘the’, which has no meaning behind it.

Answer 21

Term, Word

Question 22

It could be one word, one concept. Example: Dog, Matalino, etc.

Answer 22

Simple Term

Question 23

Could be one word but multiple concepts One or more word Example: Morningstar

Answer 23

Compound Term

Question 24

Made up of ideas or thoughts, needs to be defined

Answer 24

Concepts

Question 25

Two aspects of Concepts: on * Set of all things under a certain category (Example: Cat, Dog (category: Animals)) * Set of all characteristics or attributes (Example: Cat: Furry, 4-legged, mammal)

Answer 25

Extension, Intention

Question 26

Observation, Evidence Based, Can be sensed through senses

Answer 26

Empirical Concept

Question 27

Concepts that we can observe by tools (ex: Microorganisms can be seen by microscopes)

Answer 27

Theoretical Concept

Question 28

Need to perform a certain action or operation in order to experience that concept

Answer 28

Dispositional Concept

Question 29

Abstract Concepts

Answer 29

Analytical Concepts

Question 30

Concepts used for evaluation

Answer 30

Evaluative Concept

Question 31

Born out of our imaginations, such as supernatural beings

Answer 31

Fictitious Concept

Question 32

Beyond the earthly realm concepts, like mind, or God

Answer 32

Metaphysical Concept

Question 33

* Linguistic device used for explaining or demonstrating the usage of a term. * Should be complete, clear, and understandable. *Establishment of control * Power on how to use a term in a particular context

Answer 33

Definitions

Question 34

Parts of Defintion: * Term to be Defined * Meaning or Body

Answer 34

* Definiendum * Definiens

Question 35

* Example: Beautiful is Pretty * Circular definition is possible in defining by synonym * Used in learning a new language, has translation aspect * Helpful to ___ if we're trying to be familiar with unfamiliar terms.

Answer 35

Defining by Synonyms

Question 36

Defining by giving examples It’s incomplete Also used in learning our native language Example: Children can be taught by pointing out what a dog is.

Answer 36

Ostensive Definition

Question 37

Stated in the dictionary Lexical definitions Conventional Cannot define unconventional terms

Answer 37

Reportive Definition

Question 38

Non-conventional, used for technical terms or jargon

Answer 38

Stipulative Defintion

Question 39

Procedure or Process For example: Soluble can be defined through putting salt in water.

Answer 39

Operational Definition

Question 40

Proposed by Andresito Acuña He stated that there are three parts of the Definiens: * The Category * The trait or set of traits, characteristics, or functions * It refers to the examples or extensions of the definiendum

Answer 40

Analytic Defintion * Genus * Differentia * Denotata

Question 41

In ___, formulated a theory of language called ______ which is an analogy between a picture and language.

Answer 41

Early Wittgenstein, The Picture Theory of Language

Question 42

We can identify a ___ based on its characters or symbols. On the other hand, for ___, it could be letters or words.

Answer 42

Picture, Language

Question 43

Picture can be ___ as it doesn't depict the whole reality, while language can be _____

Answer 43

Incomplete, True or False

Question 44

Pictures can have ___, language can have ___.

Answer 44

Arrangement, Syntax

Question 45

Logical in structure Essential meaning (essence or core) If we can have a grasp on our ___, then we can understand reality. “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.” Ex. the Metaphysical, Ethical

Answer 45

Language

Question 46

What makes something distinct or the uniqueness of a term. Ex. Whiteboard and whiteboard markers are different.

Answer 46

Intention

Question 47

In ____, he developed the Rules on the usage of Language called ___.

Answer 47

Later Wittgenstein, Language Games

Question 48

We look at the ___ of the term ‘Dog’. Ex. Dog breeds (German Shepherd, etc.) Through their resemblances, we can identify that one is a ‘Dog’. Context Ex. Langgam (Could be an ant or a bird).

Answer 48

Extension

Question 49

Shapes the Language Games It is our culture, economic or political context

Answer 49

Forms of Life

Question 50

Criticism for Later Wittgenstein: ____ How does it become objective? * ____, it's not personal anymore.

Answer 50

Too Subjective and Personal, Shared Culture

Question 51

Early Wittgenstein is more ___, while Later Wittgenstein is more ___. ___: Culture shapes Language

Answer 51

Technical, Conventional, Later Wittgenstein

Question 52

____ says that there are different interpretations of rules, so it can be argued that every action can follow that rule and not just 1 rule = 1 action.

Answer 52

The Rule-Following Paradox

Question 53

Problem: Not Vague, Not Conflicting, the problem is with the individual and their interpretation. This is because we individuals have our ___

Answer 53

Private Language

Question 54

Personal Examples of Private Language: (Give Examples)

Answer 54

Pain, Beetle-in-the-Box example, Diary example where every event is written down as 'S'

Question 55

This refers to the individual set of beliefs, values, and assumptions that each person internalizes through life experiences. These fundamental ideas shape how individuals relate to their environment and make decisions, though they often do not consciously articulate what their philosophy is.

Answer 55

Personal Philosophy

Question 56

Philosophy also encompasses the act of objectifying and analyzing one's personal beliefs and values. This involves questioning and reflecting on one's judgments and actions to evaluate their motivations and consistency with moral principles. Engaging in this reflective activity is itself considered a form of philosophy.

Answer 56

Reflective Activities

Question 57

This concept pertains to the more systematic and comprehensive expression of philosophical thought. It involves the effort to establish a unifying framework for understanding ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology based on critical reflection and the integration of knowledge across different disciplines. This is seen as a higher form of philosophical engagement, aiming to develop a coherent worldview.

Answer 57

Reconstructive Philosophy

Question 58

This refers to how philosophy is deeply rooted within a specific culture. It emerges from and reflects the experiences, languages, traditions, and historical contexts of the people within that culture. Philosophy, in this sense, is shaped by the social, emotional, and intellectual experiences of individuals and communities. It is manifested in various cultural forms such as myths, songs, and oral traditions, making it inherently local and contextual.

Answer 58

Embeddedness

Question 59

This concept refers to the process by which philosophy is extracted or separated from its cultural context for analysis, critique, or reinterpretation. Through the work of philosophers, historians, or ethnophilosophers, philosophical ideas can be identified and examined independently from the cultural narratives they originated from. Once disembedded, these philosophical insights can be critiqued and used to reflect back on and potentially refine the very culture from which they emerged.

Answer 59

Disembeddedness

Question 60

The three concepts of philosophy as delineated by ____

Answer 60

Bonifacio

Question 61

___ discusses the concepts of "embeddedness" and "disembeddedness" in relation to philosophy and culture.

Answer 61

Gripaldo