LE 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Identify # 1
A
Air
2
Q
Identify #2
A
Fat
3
Q
Identify #3
A
Soft Tissue
4
Q
Identify #4
A
Bone
5
Q
This is a type of radiography that has a detector screen containing silicon detectors & it produces electrical signal when exposed to x-rays
A
Digital Radiography
6
Q
This is a type of radiography that utilizes cassettes. These are inserted in the laser reader and the ADC (analog digital converter) produces an image
A
Computed Radiography
7
Q
Give advantages of digital over conventional radiography
A
Magnification of areas of interest
Alteration of density
Measurement of distance and angles
8
Q
This is a large computer storage facility where images with different modalities are stored. This allows instant recall and display of patients’ imaging study
A
Picturing and Archiving System
(PACS)
9
Q
This utilizes constant stream of xrays.
Its uses include:
Angiography and interventional radiology
Contrast studies of the GI tract
Guidance of therapeutic injections and arthrograms
Screening in theatre
A
Fluoroscopy
10
Q
This is used for enhancement. Strongly absorbs x-ray and appears as white in radiograph
A
Contrast materials
11
Q
This is a cross-sectional imaging using xrays. It is analyzed by computers and produced as grey scale images
A
Computed Tomography Scan
12
Q
What are the terms used in describing CT Scan?
A
High Density & Low Density
13
Q
Image information can be manipulated to display various tissue of the body.
Selected by the viewer according to the attenuation characteristics of the structure under examination.
A
Windows
14
Q
How is the CT Scan’s density measured?
A
via Hounsfield Unit (HU)
15
Q
What has 0 HU?
A
Water
16
Q
This tissue is measured at 1000+ HU
A
Bone
17
Q
This tissue is measured at 40-60 HU
A
Liver
18
Q
This tissue is measured at 40 HU
A
Bone
19
Q
This tissue is measured at -1000 HU
A
Air
20
Q
What are the functions of Intravenous Contrast?
A
Differentiation of normal blood vessels from abnormal masses
To make an abnormality more apparent
To demonstrate the vascular nature of a mass and thus aid in characterization
nCT angiography
21
Q
This contrast is used for:
Differentiation of normal enhancing bowel loops from abnormal masses or fluid collections
Diagnosis of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract
Diagnosis of leaking surgical anastomose
CT enterography
A
Oral Contrast
22
Q
This contrast gives a detailed examination of the pelvis and the distal large bowel.
A
Rectal Contrast
23
Q
What type of contrast is used in this image?
A
Oral Contrast
24
Q
What type of contrast is used in this picture
A
Rectal contrast
25
This utilizes helical/spiral CT scanners. The tube and detectors rotate as the patient passes through on the scanning table
Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT)
26
In Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT), how many row scanners are used?
16-320
27
What are the advantages of Multidetector CT over conventional CT?
Increased speed of examination
Rapid examination at optimal levels of intravenous contrast concentration
Continuous volumetric nature of data allows accurate high-quality 3D and multiplanar reconstruction.
28
What are the limitations and disadvantages of Multidetector CT?
Ionizing radiation
Hazards of intravenous contrast material
Lack of portability of equipment
Relatively high cost.
29
This uses high-frequency sound waves and piezoelectric crystals
Ultrasound
30
Give the proper sequence of events that happens in Ultrasound
1. Excitation of crystal by electrical signals
2. Emit ultra-high-frequency sound waves; (Piezoelectric effect, conversion of sound into mechanical energy)
3. Sound waves are reflected back to the crystal by the various tissues of the body
4. Reflected sound waves (echoes) act on the piezoelectric crystal in the US probe
5. Produce an electric signal, again by the piezoelectric effect.
6. Analysis of this electric signal by a computer
7. Cross-sectional image
31
Terms used to describe Ultrasound
Hyperechoic (white/light grey)
Hypoechoic (dark grey)
Anechoic (black)
32
True or false: tissues distally receive more sound with acoustic enhancement.
True
33
This is the reverse of Acoustic Enhancement. Tissue appears darker.
Acoustic Shadowing
34
What are the tissues that can be visualized using ulrasound?
Solid organs (liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas)
Urinary tract
Obstetrics and gynecology
Small organs (thyroid and testes)
Breast
Musculoskeletal system
35
This is also termed as real-time xray
Fluoroscopy
36
Contrast made of _____ & ______ can cause Peritonitis.
Barium & Iodine
37
True or false: In CT Scan, only water-soluble contrasts are used.
True
38
what do you call the set of detectors (donut-shaped) that is used in CT Scan?
Gantry
39
This is used to focus on a specific area of organ and soft tissues
Windowing
40
These are the 4 types of windows
Lung window, brain window, bone window, abdominal window
41
This type of probe is used for solid organs
Convex Probe
42
This probe is used for superficial organs & vascular imaging
Linear probe
43
This probe is used for transrectal, and transvaginal ultrasound
Endocavitary probe
44
What are the disadvantages of Ultrasound?
Operator-dependent
cannot penetrate gas or bone
bowel gas may obscure image
45
This uses magnetic properties of spinning hydrogen atoms to produce images.
46
What are the terms used to describe MRI images?
Hypointense & Hyperintense
47
What are dark on T1?
Increased water, Blood flow,
edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, hemorrhage (hyperacute or chronic)
48
What is bright in T2?
Increased water
(edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, subdural collection)
Methemoglobin (extracellular) in subacute hemorrhage
WWII
49
Identify the structures pointed
Inferior: Basilar Artery
Right: Left Internal Carotid Artery
50
For brain & spinal disorders, what imaging modality is ideal?
MRI
51
What are the advantages of MRI?
Can visualize soft tissues
No artifacts
In one turn, can produce axial, sagittal & coronal cut
NO RADIATION!!
52
What are the disadvantages of MRI?
It takes time
Metal inside patients' bodies may heat up
It produces a lot of noise
53
Ideal imaging for breast tissues
Mammography
54
This type of mammography is used to look for cancer in women with NO symptoms and NO history of breast surgery.
55
This type of Mammography is used to check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of the disease has been found.
Diagnostic Mammography
56
What are the two views obtained for evaluation? (mammography)
Mediolateral Oblique & Cranial-Caudal
57
What do you call the white spots seen in this picture?
Calcifications
58
True or false: This image shows breast tissue with malignancy
False. This image shows dense breast tissue
59
True or false. This image shows a benign lump in the breast tissue.
False. It is a malignant lump
60
This usesgamma radiation to form images following the injection of various radiopharmaceuticals
Nuclear Medicine/Scintigraphy
61
How to you describe the images formed via scintigraphy?
Increased/Decreased Activity
62
In Scintigraphy, an increase in activity means?
There is a malignancy, arthritis, or pathologic condition
63
This imaging is most commonly used in ONCOLOGY
PET scan
64
what do you call the area in PET Scan wherein there is an increase FDG area?
HOTSPOT
65
In PET Scan, this is injected to the patient to localize abnormal areas with increased activity.
FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose)
66
These tissues normally have HOTSPOTS
Brain, Myocardium, Ureters, Bladder
67
What are the uses of PET Scan in oncology?
Tumor staging
Assessment of tumor response to therapy
Differentiate benign from malignant masses
Detect tumor recurrence
68
What type of window is this
Lung Window
69
What type of window is this
Brain Window
70
What type of window is this
Abdominal Window
71
What type of window is this
Bone Window
72
Any technique that produces an image in the form of a plane through the body with structures cut across.
Cross Sectional Imaging
73
What are the 3 standard planes of imaging?
Sagittal
Axial
Coronal
"SAC"
74
What are the 3 cross-sectional imaging modalities?
MRI, CT Scan, & Ultrasound
75
This plane is viewed from below, looking towards the head.
Patient lying supine in the scanner
Axial/Transverse Plane
76
What type of plane is this
transverse
77
This plane looks at the patient from the side
Sagittal plane
78
What kind of plane is this?
Sagittal Plane
79
This plane looks at the patient from the front. The spine is behind the sternum
Coronal plane
80
what type of plane is this
coronal plane
81
identify the pointed structure
What kind of plane is this?
Aortic arch
Axial
82
Identify the pointed structure
Superior Vena Cava
83
Identify the pointed structure
Esophagus
84
Identify the pointed structure
Trachea
85
From the Caudal-Cephalad order, enumerate the GREAT VESSELS
Sup Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Veins
Aorta
"SIPPA"
86
IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE
LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
87
Identify the pointed structure
left subclavian artery
88
What do the R Brachiocephalic V and L Brachiocephalic V form?
Superior Vena Cava
89
True or False: Great arteries anterior to the veins
False
90
What do you call this layer
4 chamber level
91
identify the structure pointed by the RED arrow
Left Pulmonary Artery
92
identify the pointed structure
Right Pulmonary Artery
93
True or false: As a general rule, pulmonary veins lie posterior to their corresponding artery with the exception to the vessels in the right upper lobe.
False. Anterior.
94
identify the pointed structure
Left Atrium
95
identify the pointed structure
right ventricle
96
What do you call this layer?
2 chamber level
97
?What can you find at the 2 chamber heart level
Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle & Inferior Vena Cava
98
What is pointed by the red arrow?
Aortic arch
99
Identify the R & L windows.
R: Mediastinal Window
L: Lung window
100
Arrange the following in the correct order. (cephalad to Caudal)
Carina
Basilar Bronchi
Right Upper Lobe Bronchus
Trachea
Bronchus Intermedius
Left Upper Lobe Bronchus
Right middle lobe bronchus
Trachea
Carina
Right upper lobe bronchus
Bronchus intermedius
Left upper lobe bronchus
Right middle lobe bronchus
Basilar bronchi
TCRBLRB
101
identify pointed structure
Anterior segmental bronchus
102
identify pointed structure
Posterior segmental bronchus
103
True or false: This arrangement is caudo-cephalad
Hepatic veins
Left portal vein
Right portal vein
Main portal vein
Gallbladder/splenic vein
False. Cephalo-caudal
104
Which is larger caudally. hepatic or portal vein?
Portal Vein
105
Enumerate the components of the portal triad
Portal Vein
Hepatic Artery
Bile Duct
106
True or false: The 3rd portion of the duodenum is anterior to the aorta and IVC and posterior to the SMV and SMA
True
107
True or false: The Uncinate process is posterior to the smv and sma
True
108
Clinically, pancreatic inflammation can involve what structures? (2)
Left Kidney & Spleen
109
This is described as
Worm-like (Vermiform)
Projects from the cecum
N: \< 6mm
Appendix
110
Enumerate the Retroperitoneal Structures
(clue: SAD PUCKER)
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum ( 2nd and 3rd segments)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and Descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
111
Identify the structures
Superior: L: Common Bile Duct
R: Hepatic Artery
Inferior: Portal Vein
112
What is the structure on the superior right?
Sa baba, left?
Jejunum (feathery)
Ileum (Smooth)
113
This artery gives extensive supply given to the small bowel and proximal colon up to the watershed area at the splenic flexure
Superior Mesenteric Artery
114
Splenic vein joins the Sup Mesentric vein to form the \_\_\_\_\_
Portal Vein
115
This is a fetal mesentery remnant; divides the lobe into medial and lateral segments
Falciform ligament
116
Images are made by
detecting the radiation
coming out of the patient
Nuclear Scintigraphy
117
