LE: Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
The pelvic girdle is comprised of 4 bones.
A
1 Sacrum
1 Coccyx
2 Innominate Bones
2
Q
other name of innominate bones
A
os coxae/hip bones
3
Q
flattening of the head of femur
A
lcpd ; coxa plana
4
Q
what are the joints of the pelvis
A
1 Lumbosacral Joint
1 Sacrococcygeal Joint
1 Symphysis Pubis
2 Sacroiliac (SI) Joints ★
2 Hip Joints/Acetabular Joint ★
5
Q
inflammation of sacroiliac joints
A
sacroilitis
6
Q
mc joint affected in ankylosing spondylosis (as)?
A
Sacrioiliac joint (SI)
7
Q
special test for si joint
A
Gaenslen’s Test ★
Patrick’s Test / FAbER Test / Figure 4 Test
Pelvic Compression Test / Pelvic Rock Test
8
Q
increased lumbar lordosis
A
ant. pelvic tilt
9
Q
decreased lumbar lordosis
A
post. pelvic tilt
10
Q
★ Obstetrics: During childbirth, the 7 pelvic joints & their
ligaments should relax in order to facilitate easier delivery. What hormone is responsible for this?
A
Relaxin
11
Q
pregnant women experiencing low back pain, what is the joint affected by the relaxin?
A
12
Q
largest part of hip bone
A
ilium
13
Q
smallest part of hip bone
A
pubis
14
Q
orientation of ilium
A
antero-superior
15
Q
orientation of ischium / sit bone / ischial tuberosity
A
postero inferiorly
16
Q
4 spines of the ilium
A
aiis
asis
piis
psis
17
Q
★ Among the 4 spines, only the ____ & ____ are
palpable.
A
ASIS & PSIS
18
Q
What structures attaches the ASIS?
A
Sartorius
Inguinal ligament / Poupart’s Ligament
19
Q
Only muscle that originates from ASIS?
A
ASIS
20
Q
3 components of Hamstring
A
▪ Semitendinosus
▪ Semimembranosus
▪ Biceps Femoris (Long head)
21
Q
contusion of ASIS
A
hip pointer
22
Q
muscle that orginates the AIIS?
A
rectus femoris (straight head)
23
Q
it originates from the aponeurosis of the
external abdominal oblique ★
A
inguinal ligament/poupart’s ligament
24
Q
what are the abdominal muscles?
A
- Rectus Abdominis
- Transversus Abdominis
- External Oblique [V]
- Internal Oblique [Inverted V]
25
longest muscle in the body
sartorius/tailor's muscle
26
swelling of the ischiogluteal bursa
weavers bottom / tailors bottom / boatmans bottom
27
chip of bone has been detached from the
major bone bec of muscle pull
avulsion fracture
28
An avulsion of the ischial tuberosity was seen
in a runner who joined hurdles. What mm is
responsible for that?
Hamstring muscle ★
29
Fluid-filled sac found near the bony
prominences to prevent excessive friction
bursa
30
what level is the iliac crest
L4 (Look 4 the Crest)
31
aka y ligament
iliofemoral ligament
32
Hip Pointer affects which of the following
structures of the iliac spines?
ASIS
33
What mm is responsible for the avulsion
of the ASIS?
Sartorius
34
strongest ligament in the body
iliofemoral/y ligament
35
iliac tubercle what level
L5
36
jt where 2 pubis join
symphysis pubis
37
n value for acetabular anteversion
15-20 deg.
38
longest, largest, strong bone in the body
femur
39
reasons for the stability of hip / acetabulofemoral joint
1. Congruency
2. Strong ligaments & muscles [supporting hip jt]
3. (-) pressure [inside jt that provides a suction effect]
40
Most structurally stable yet mobile single joint
in the body
Hip / acetabulofemoral joint
41
aka vinegars cup or vessel acetabulum
acetabulum
42
connect femoral head to acetabulum
ligamentum teres / ligamentum capitis femoris
43
Compensatory Postures d/t Deformity: ★
1. Pt has (R) Coxa Valga. Which of the ff are
possible compensatory posture?
a. (R) PF
b. (L) PF
B. (L) PF
44
★ the following ligaments provide stability for the hip
joint, except:
o a. iliofemoral ligament
o b. ischiofemoral ligament
o c. pubofemoral ligament
o d. ligamentum teres
D. Ligamentum teres
45
mc site of avn
head of femur
46
what is torsion?
rotation/twist
47
n shaft angle
o Adult = 125 deg★
o Child = 150 deg
48
deformity of the combination of hip, tibia & foot
w sitting position
49
4/5 of a sphere
head of the femur
50
it is 25% of individual’s height (1/4) ★
femur
51
2. Pt. has (R) Coxa Valga. Which of the ff are
possible compensatory posture?
a. (R) knee flexion
b. (L) knee flexion
A. (R) Knee Flexion
52
increase in angle of femoral torsion (>15 deg)
Excessive Anteversion
53
Limited IR ; angle of anteversion
Retroversion
54
special test to measure anteversion angle
★ Craig’s Test / Ryder Method
55
out toe deformity
retroversion
56
Pt. has (R) Coxa Valga. Which of the ff are
possible compensatory posture?
a. (R) subtalar supination
b. (L) subtalar supination
B. (L) subtalar supination
57
Increase in neck shaft angle
coxa valga
58
what type of joint is hip?
Synovial Ball & Socket Joint (aka Spheroidal)
59
Increase cea
more stable
60
it is aka angle of wiberg
center edge angle
61
adductors of pubis
1. Adductor Longus – origin: body of pubis
2. Adductor Magnus
3. Adductor Brevis
4. Adductor Gracilis
5. Pectineus
62
These 3 adductor mm have a common origin
in the pubis: (MGB)
inferior pubic ramus ★
63
landmark for the height of the cane
greater trochanter
64
avasculsr necrosis of femoral head in Children
LCPD (Leg Calve Perthes Disease
65
chandler; affected bone
femoral head
66
keinbock ; affected bone
scaphoid
67
main ligaments in the body that limiit HIP EXTENSION
iliofemoral ligament
68
★ What motion of the hip can be limited by all 3
ligaments?
Extension
69
special test for thomas
IlioThomas
70
★ MMT of primary hip flexors: pt is in
sitting position, PT applies resistance on
distal aspect of thigh anteriorly. Upon
pushing downward, pt flexes hip but then also performs abduction & ER, instead of
just flexion. What muscle is substituting?
Sartorius
(If iliopsoas isn’t weak, pt will be able
to just flex the hip s abduction & ER.)
71
weakest ligament; primary ligament that limits hip IR ★
ischiofemoral ligament
72
Primary ligament that limits hip Abd ★
zpubofemoral ligament
73
Only 2-jointed mm among the quads ★
rectus femoris
74
SGT muscles / Pes anserine
Satorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
75
longest nerve in the body
sciatic nerve
76
longest cranial nerve
vagus
77
aka SLR muscle
Rectus Femoris
78
tensor fascia latae (TFL) aka
Pocket muscle
79
where does tfl inserts
anterolateral
aspect of the tibia, specifically to
the Gerdy’s Tubercle.
80
snapping hip
Coxa saltans
81
largets ms in the body
gluteus max
82
★ What nerve is the mother of tibial & common peroneal n.?
Sciatic Nerve
83
★ MC entrapped nerve in LE?
Common zperomesl merve
84
largest adductor
add. magnus
85
red carpet muscles
POG Q
Obturator internus
obturator internus
gemellus sup & inf
86
supplies post. compartment of thigh
profunda femoris antery
87
Artery to palpate for ant. compartment syn.
Dorsalis Pedis Arterye
88
Origin: anterior tibial artery ★
Dorsalis Pedis Artery ★
89
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous n. ★ ; lumbar plexus
L2-L3
90
most prominent tendon at the back of the knee ★
Semitendinosus
91
ALL hamstrings are innervated by the tibial portion of
the sciatic nerve EXCEPT:
short head of biceps fem , because it is innervated by the common peroneal portion of the sciatic nerve
92
★ MC contused muscle in LE
quadriceps
93
★ What PNF diagonal is best for gluteus max
strengthening?
- A. D1 flexion
- B. D1 extension
- C. D2 flexion
- D. D2 extension
D. D2 extension
Rationale: in D2 extension, hip extends & externally
rotates. It matches the actions of gluteus max.
94
★ MC strained muscle in LE
hamstrings
95
★ Which tendon does oblique popliteal ligament
(OPL) come from?
Semimembranosus tendon
96
Causes of Trendelenburg Gait: (3)
1. Hip pain 2o OA [most common] [take note of age, esp geria]
2. Gluteus medius weakness
3. Hip instability (e.g., CDH)
97
Why is semimem not so prominent?
Bec its tendon turns into a ligament at back of knee
(Oblique Popliteal Ligament ★)
98
★ The red carpet group is covered by what ms?
- Under gluteus maximus
99
Femoral n. – aka “Anterior Crural n.” ★; what lumbar plexus level
L2-L4
100
Inferior Gluteal n. ★ ; what level of sacral plexus
(supplies gluteus maximus)
L5-S2
101
★ Hip abduction is possible in the ff mm, EXCEPT:
- A. Gluteus Medius [primary hip Abd]
- B. Sartorius [FABER]
- C. TFL [FABIR]
- D. Gluteus Maximus (Upper Fibers)
- E. NOTA
NOTA
102
Peak activiy in the gait ; Gluteus Med
Midstance (Isometric Cxn)
103
originates from ischial tub. ★
long head of biceps femoris
104
what head of the biceps fem that cannot do hip extension but can do knee flexion?
short head
105
it originates form the shaft of femur (linea aspera)
short head of biceps femoris
106
tripod sign
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranous
added: adductor magnus hanstring portion
107
gait peak activity of hamstring
Terminal Swing / Deceleration (Eccentric)
108
mc myotomized - esp in (+) scissoring gait
adductor longus
109
innervation of hamstring portion of adductor magnus
tibial portion of sciatic n.
110
innervation of adductor portion of adductor magnus
obturator n
111
the only 2-jted ms among add group
adductor gracilis
112
red carpet muscles
POG Q
Piriformis
Obturator Internus
Gemellus sup & inf
Quadratus femoris
113
reversal of action of piriformis (Flexion)
Internal rotator
114
★ Backward lurch
gluteus maximus weakness
115
Forward lurch
quadriceps weaknes
116
endfeel of Ligamentous limitation
firm
117
*Hip flexion end-feel:
(SOFT) - d/t approximation of the
muscles of abdomen & anterior thigh
118
MC site of stress (fatigue) fx in runners ★
tibia / shin
119
part of the tibia that is affected in Osgood Schlatter Dse ★
Tibial Tuberosity
120
Part of the tibia that is Responsible for 90% WB
Tibial Plafond
121
why does Osgood Schlatter Disease ★, called jumper's knee / patellar tendinitis?
pathophy:
your quads contract twice while you jump, cocentric first and then eccentric
122
self limiting condition of the inflammation of tibial tuberosity
Osgood Schlatter Disease ★
123
c/i modality for osgood
Continuos US : Statent growth of the bone
Rationale: deep heating modality, since the kid’s
epiphyseal plates are not yet mature, it can
cause stunted growth to epiphyseal plates
124
manifestations of anterior compartment syndrome
o Pain
o Paresthesia
o Palor – pale d/t ’d blood supply
o Pulselessness (dorsalis pedis artery)
o Paralysis (dorsiflexors)
o +Poikilothermia – unable to regulate temp; 6th P
125
Syndesmosis type of joint
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint
126
why is Superior Tibiofibular Joint called “Forgotten joint” ★?
this jt is forgotten during ax for knee pain
127
(N) out-toeing angle of foot (Fick angle)
(N) Fick angle = 5-10 deg in children ★
adult = 12-18 deg
128
MC entrapped nerve in UE:
median n. d/t CTS
129
MC entrapped nerve in LE:
common peroneal n.
130
Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN) ★
- “Cross Leg Palsy”
131
Syndesmotic sprain that occurs in severe
ankle sprain where the fibrous tse is torn
High ankle sprain
132
Deepest ms of calf ★
Tibialis Posterior
133
fast twitch fibers
Gastrocnemius
134
ms used more on mumping & running
Gastrocnemius
135
Has more slow twitch /
type I fibers
Soleus
136
Deepest ms at back of knee ★
Popliteus
137
muscle used more in relaxed
standing (antigravity ms)
soleus
138
muscles capable of doing PF
gastroc
soleus
plantaris
Flexor Digitorum Longus
139
key muscle for unlocking mechanism
popliteus
140
Constant foot DF & heel is in contact c ground c tibial n. affectation
Paralyzed plantarflexors
141
#1 Fish & Feather
Action of Peroneus Tertius:
I. DF
II. PF
III. Inversion
IV. Eversion
a. I only
b. IV only
c. I & III
d. I & IV
D. I & IV
142
What PNF diagonal is best used to strengthen peroneus tertius?
a. D1 flexion
b. D2 flexion
c. D1 extension
d. D2 extension
B. D2 Flexion
143
What is the direction of resistance applied when testing for peroneus
tertius?
a. Towards dorsiflexion
b. Towards dorsiflexion & eversion
c. Towards plantarflexion & inversion
d. Towards plantarflexion
144
What PNF diagonal is best used to strengthen tibialis anterior?
a. D1 flexion – DF & inversion
b. D2 flexion – DF & eversion
c. D1 extension – PF & eversion
d. D2 extension – PF & inversion
a. D1 flexion – DF & inversion
145
N angle of Hallux Valgus
(N) angle = 15 deg ★ [code: halluX Valgus = XV = 15]
>15 deg= deformity
146
it is where spring ligament attaches
sustentaculum tali (sustains/supports head of talus)
147
1st tarsals to ossifiy
Calcaneu / Os Calcis
148
Avascular necrosis of talus:
Diaz Disease
149
MC fx tarsal
calcaneus / os calcis
150
tarsal that has no muscular attachment
talus / astragalus
151
MC injured joint in sports [ankle sprain]
ankle
152
ankle mortres
tibia
fibula
talus
153
MC foot deformity seen in Charcot Marie
Tooth Disease (CMTD) ★
Pes Cavus
154
MC affected in march fx ★ [marSHaft]
2nd MT: Shaft
155
apophysitis of 5th MT (inflammation
of the immature apophysis)
Iselin Dse ★
156
1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 ; foot configuration
Egyptian Foot ★
157
avascular necrosis of 2nd MT head
Freiberg’s Dse
158
Shortened 1st toe
Morton’s toe ★
159
Base: Jone’s fx
5th MT
160
Longest/thinnest/most stable metatarsals
2nd MT
161
Shortest/stoutest metatarsal
1st MT
162
1st ms to atrophy
peroneals
163
2o muscle weakness of intrinsics of foot
Splay Foot ★
164
2 Component Joints of Chopart: ★
1. Talonavicular
2. Calcaneocuboid
165
aka “Lisfranc Joint” ★
Tarsometatarsal
(TMT) Joint
166
Why is hyperext > flexion in MTP?
Hyperextension is used for push-off (gait)
167
why is it that greater it flexion ha mcp
because it is used for grasp
168
hole in between the talus and calcaneus
sinus tarsi
169
this contains a lot of proprioceptors
talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
170
High arched foot
Synonymous terms
o Supinated foot
o Pes Varus
o Inverted
Pes Cavus
171
spring ligament
Plantar Calcaneonavicular Lig
172
deformity that has damage to spring lig &/or
tibialis post. tendon leading to collapse of MLA
Pes Planus (Flatfoot)
173
development of arches of the foot
5 y.o
174
keystone of medial longitudinal arch (MLA)
head of talus
175
components of MLA (Medial Longitudinal Arch) that is exclusive
Talus & Navicular
176
Hindfoot/Rearfoot
Talus, calcaneus
177
midfoot
Cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms
178
forefoot
Metatarsals, phalanges
179
2nd MC sprained lig
calcaneofibular ligament
180
Strongest ligament of ankle
deltoid ligament
181
Least commonly sprained lig on LCL group
Post. TaloFibular Ligament (PTFL)
182
MC sprained lig
Ant. TaloFibular Ligament (ATFL)
183
special test for ATFL
Ant. Drawer Test
184
special test for CFL (CalcaneoFibular Ligament)
Talar Tilt Test
185
this artery becomes dorsalis pedis artery
after passing thru extensor
retinaculum ★
Ant. Tibial Artery
186
flexor retinaculum aka
Lanciniate Ligament
187
inserts into base of 5th MT
Peroneus Tertius Tendon
188
MC site of entrapment of tibial n.
tarsal tunnel
189
hole seen in abductor hallucis ms
Porta Pedis ★
190
Intersection created by tendons of FDL & FHL
Master Knot of Henry ★
191
okc (nwb)
[code: SINADP]
[code: PEVABD]
192
CKC (WB; standing)
[SINABD] [code: SSETT] - external tibial torsion
[PEVADP] [code: SPITT] ★- internal tibial torsion
193
ms on dorsum of foot that has no counterpart in hand ★
Extensor Digitorum Brevis (EDB)
Extensor Hallucis Brevis (EHB) ★
194
joint affected in OA
Medial tibiofemoral joint
195
menisci Functions: ★
o increased congruency of knee joint
o Shock absorption
o Lubrication – menisci distribute the synovial fluid
o increased friction
196
stable fx ; isolated iliac wing fx
Duverney’s Fx
197
Traction apophysitis 2o forceful muscle contraction
Avulsion Fx
198
joint affected in chondromalacia patella
Patellofemoral joint
199
type of joint : knee
Modified hinge jt
200
Unstable fx ; Double vertical fx of
ant. & post. pelvic ring
Malgaigne’s Fx
201
ms that is affected that is chipped off in avulsion fx of AIIS / AIS
rectus femoris
202
total axial rotation of the knee
40 deg (20 med, 20 lat)
203
HIP joint mob, gliding should be
opposite
204
s/sx: Groin burning pain
osteitis pubis
205
Lax ligaments; any condition that leads to having lax ligs causing problems in symphysis pubis
Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD) ★
206
______ meniscus is less commonly injured bec it is
more mobile ★
lateral meniscus
207
ossification of MCL of knee
Pellegrini Stieda ★
208
Causes of Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD) ★
Overactive adductors
o Underactive abductors
o Weak spinal stabilizing ms
209
Pt feels pain in symphysis pubis
when going down a curb ★
Diastasis Symphysis Pubis (DSP) ★
210
Malignant bone cancer
Multiple Myeloma
211
Tautest position for MCL:n
code: LARO sa EXCOLTA
During Lateral Rotation + Extension, Collaterals are Taut
212
Slackest : ACL
30-60 deg flexion ★
213
MC injured lig of knee
ACL
214
Hyperextension injury
ACL
215
Landing from a jump c knees flexed
PCL
- Rationale: MOI is CKC. Thus, the femur is the moving
segment; weight from upper body slides femur forward
(ant. translation of femur, post. translation of tibia)
216
overproduction of ab(N) plasma cells (called myeloid cells)
Multiple Myeloma
217
Ant. Longer in Supine [code: ALSUP]
Anterior Innominate Syndrome
218
Dashboard injury
PCL
219
2nd MC injured lig of knee
MCL
220
Only mm that can flex hip beyond 90o
iliopsoas
