Le cram Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Feature of vertebrae skeleton
A
Internal and elaborate
2
Q
What are vertebrae skeletons made of?
A
Cartilage or bone
3
Q
Feature of vertebrate head
A
Skull
4
Q
Defining feature of vertebrates
A
Backbone forms around notochord
5
Q
How did jaws initially arise in vertebrates
A
Modified gill arches
6
Q
Example of jawless fish
A
Lampreys
7
Q
When were jawless fish diverse?
A
495-360mya
8
Q
Early jawless fish perception
A
Electro perception
9
Q
Early jawless fish exoskeleton
A
Bone exoskeleton in skin
10
Q
Diet of jawless fish
A
Blood (parasitic)
11
Q
Early defence on jawless fish
A
Dermal armour
12
Q
Example of cartligenous fish
A
Shark
13
Q
Reproduction of cartligenous fish
A
Sexual
14
Q
Other name for bony fish
A
Ray finned
15
Q
What do bony fish use for bouyancy?
A
Swim bladder
16
Q
Why don’t cartligenous fish have a swim bladder
A
Cartilage is lighter than bone
17
Q
Evolution of legs
A
Ray fin bones became more substantial
18
Q
What is an early tetrapods with 8 digits
A
Acanthostega
19
Q
When did the first amphibians appear?
A
350mya
20
Q
Feature of amphibian eggs
A
No shell
21
Q
Feature of shark eggs
A
Leathery covering
22
Q
What do all amphibians need water for
A
Reproduction
23
Q
When did mammals appear
A
190mya
24
Q
Change of stance from reptile to mammal
A
Sprawling to erect
25
Crocodile/bony fish plane of movement
Horizontal/ side to side
26
Mammal/ human plane of movement
Vertical/ up and down
27
Where is the stress in a sprawling stance?
Knees
28
Where is the stress in an erect stance
Hope
29
Benefits of an erect stance
Longer legs, faster movement
30
Which structures make up the jaw point in reptiles
Quadrate and articular
31
What structures make up the jaw point in mammals
Squamosal and dentry
32
Examples of eutheria
Bumblebee bat, blue whale
33
Features of Eutheria gestation
Prolonged, fed by placenta
34
Metatheria are
Marsupials
35
Example of prototheria
Echidnas
36
Feature of prototheria
Lay eggs
37
What is meant by plantigrade
Walk on whole foot
38
What is meant digitigrade
Walk on toes
39
Example of non primate plantigrades
Elephant, cat
40
Feature of grabby hands
Prehensile digits
41
Example of animal that has fingernails rather than claws
Elephants
42
What vision type donprimates possess
Binocular
43
What use does binocular vision provide
Ability to judge distances
44
Why is a straight big toenuseful for bipedalism
Support and balance
45
What changes occur to the pelvis for bipedalism and what does it help
Short and bowl like to support the base of the spine
46
What is a pantella
Knee cap
47
What is the foramen magnum
Connection of head to spine
48
Changes to upper arms in bipedalism
Less robust
49
Difference in human to ape diet
Higher meat content and processed foods
50
Age of Australopithecus afarensis
3-4 my
51
Common name for homo habilis
Handyman
52
Earliest homosapien
Homo habilis
53
Brain size of homo habilis
600ml
54
Age of homo erectus
1.8-300,000 ya
55
Brain size of homo erectus
900-1100ml
56
What species of human began to travel the world
Homo erectus
57
Brain size of homo sapien
1300ml
58
Neanderthal age
130,000-30,000 years ago
59
Where were Neanderthals found
Europe and the Middle East
60
Chimp brain size
300ml
61
What type of algae are the closest relatives of land plants
Charophytes
62
What do chraophytes share with land plants that other green algae don't
Asymmetric motile flagellated cells
63
5 challenges for plants living on land
- water balance
- water transport
- gas transport
- reproduction
- structural support
64
What is the cuticle
Waxy coating
65
How does the cuticle help land plants
Prevents drying out and damage by UV
66
What are the stomata
Small pores on the leaves that allow gas exchange regulated via guard cells
67
Why don't plants need stomata under water
Cuticle keeps c02 out
68
What was the first adaptation plants made to live on land
Cuticle
69
What adaption do land mosses have
Cuticle, stomata
70
What are the vascular tissues in plants
Phloem and xylem
71
What is the function of the phloem
Transport sugar
72
What is the function of the xylem
Transport water and mineral ions
73
What is the function of lignin
Stop xylem cells collapsing
74
What features in higher plants are present in ferns but not mosses
Phloem, lignin, root leaves and stems
75
What is secondary growth?
Dead dry cells provide structural support and retain vascular function
76
How does secondary growth help plants live on land?
Greater structural support bigger and taller
77
What is the dominant generation in mosses
Gametophyte
78
Green algae life cycle
```
Haploid Gametophyte
|
Diploid zygote
|
Haploid spores
|
Gametophyte
```
79
What happens in a moss lifecycle that doesn't in green algae
Zygote doesn't undergo meiosis instead undergoes mitosis into diploid sporophyte
80
What is an example of sphagnum
Peat mosses
81
Key feature of sphagnum
Super absorbent
82
Feature of sphagnum leaves? Why are they so absorbent
Living photosynthetic cells, large empty hyaline cells which makes them absorbent
83
What special feature do seed plants have that ferns lack?
Secondary growth
84
Sub classes of seed plants
Conifers and angiosperms
85
Which plants only produce one type of spore
Liverworts, mosses and ferns
86
Where are megastores produced
Ovules
87
What is a sporangium
A container
88
Seeds develop from
Fertilised ovules
89
How many functional spores are retained in the ovule
1
90
What is an amoeba
Single called organism with feet
91
Slime mould life cycle
```
Spore
|
Amoeba
|
Psuedoplasmodium
|
Slug migration
|
Fruiting body
```
92
What is a psuedoplasmodium?
A pile of slime mould cells
93
What are mycelium
Network of hyphae that absorbs nutrients
94
What structural elements of fungus is more similar to animals than plants
Cell walls made of chitin
95
Where do hyphae grow, absorb and secrete?
Only at the tips
96
What are septa
Partially divided cells in hyphae
97
Why can fungus have such large biomass
Mycelium capable of indefinite growth
98
Dikaryon are
Hyphae with two nuclei
99
Where are basida found?
Hills of fungi
100
What are fungi spores called
Basidiospores
101
What is a heterotroph?
Not autotrophic, uses organic carbon for growth
102
What is an autotroph
Uses energy from the sun to produce organic compounds from co2
103
What is a saprophyte
Lives on dead/decaying matter
104
How do fungi absorb matter
Secrete enzyme from hyphae to break down food externally then absorb it
105
What do fungi absorb that makes them good recyclers
Cellulose, chitin and lignin
106
What are plantwalls made up of
Cellulose
107
What are fungi walls and animal exoskeletons made of
Chitin
108
What is the function of lignin
Structural support of vascular plants
109
How do fungi suppress competitors
Antibiotics and toxins
110
What is gross mutation
Mutations at the chromosome level
111
What is a mutation that can be inherited
Germ line mutation
112
What is the size of a gross mutation
4x10^6 base pairs
113
What type of mutation is visible under light
Gross mutation
114
What is reciprocal translocation
When one section of a chromosome swaps with another chromosome
115
Types of small scale mutations
Single base deletion
116
Types of base substitution mutations
Silent
Missense
Nonsense
117
What molecule must be synthesised for PCR
Primers specific to gene of interest
118
Which Protista are most closely related to animals
Choanoflagellates
119
Which Protista are closely related to land plants
Green algae
120
Scientific name of slime mould
Mycetozoa
121
What is the name for green lineage G
Glaucophytes
122
What is the name for brown lineage O
Oomycetes
123
Name for brown lineage D
Diatoms
124
Protist with Green lineage, not algae or land plants
Glaucophytes
125
Protist Fungus like diet
Oomycetes
126
Protist with two nuclei
Ciliates
127
Monocots characteristics
- single cotyledon
- flower parts in multiples of three
- secondary growth absent(no bark)
128
Dicot characteristics
Two cotyledons
- flower parts in multiples of four or five
- secondary growth often present
129
What is a blastopore
An opening in the archenteron(guy) during embryonic stages of an organism
Protosome- mouth
Deuterostome- anus
130
What is a bivalve
A mollusc without radula/ or filter feeders
131
What was the % extinction at the end of the Permian
90%
132
What is polyploidy
Organism containing more than 2 chromosome sets(>2N)
Common in plants
Lethal in humans
133
What are the stages of mitosis
Prophase: chromosomes condense
Metaphase: chromosomes gather in centre
Anaphase: spindle fibres contract
Telophase: membranes form around each group of chromosomes
134
What is a nonsense mutation
Introduces a premature stop codon into mRNA which produces incomplete protein
135
What is a missence mutation
Single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of different amino acid
136
X inactivation results in
Some locinon X chromosome being inactive
XIST gene expressed at high levels on inactive X
Female mosaic
137
How to work out possible genotypes
```
G = genotype
a = alleles
```
G= aX(a+1)/2
E.g 4 alleles
```
G= 4X5/2
G= 10 possible genotypes
```
138
What is needed for hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
- Random mating
- infinite population size
- no natural selection
- no mutation
- no migration
139
When are gene loci linked
If they are more than 50mu(cM) apart
140
What is the hominid family from oldest to newest
```
1 Schelanthropus
2 Australopithecus
3 homo habilis
4 homo erectus
5 Homo sapiens
6 homo neanderthalis
7 homo floresiensis
```
141
What is the Allee effect
A critical population level for survival
Too low not enough breeding/inbreeding
Too high food/habitat depletion and competition
142
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis
Eukaryotic cells absorbed prokaryotic organisms
E.g chloroplasts and mitochondria
143
What evidence is there for endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA
144
What is a protist
Unicellular eukaryotes
| - no common ancestor rather a common organelle
145
What is a diatom
Unicellular phytoplankton
| Have a silica cell wall
146
What are some features of mosses
No roots
- no vascular tissue
- thin cuticle
- motile gametes
147
What are some features of ferns
Vascular tissue
- roots
- thick cuticle
- motile gametes
148
What are the differences between confifers and angiosperms
Considers are self compatible, fertilisation takes one year
Angiosperms are not, fertilisation takes 3-4 months
149
Feature of angiosperms
Double fertilisation
| Gives rise to embryo and endosperm(food/nutrients for embryo)
150
What is epistasis
Action of one gene is modified by several other genes, eg coat colour in dogs
Ratio for dominant epistasis : 12:3:1
Ratio for recessive epistasis: 9:3:4
