LE5

Question 1

This is a graph that shows the relationship of two quantitative variables
A. Bar chart
B. Pie graph
C. Line graph
D. Histogram
E. Scatter plot

Answer 1

C. Line graph

Quantitative:
* scatterpoint - Correlation data for two quantitative variables
* Histogram- Representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable, includes age groups
* Bar graph (Variable) : Comparison of absolute or relative counts, rate, etc between and among categories of the variables

Qualitative:
Pie chart- Shows breakdown of a whole or total with few categories

Time series:
Line diagram/graph: Shows trend data or changes as to time or age

Question 2

Statistics enables us to remove the uncertainty of the relationship between variables and approximates a 100% clarity.
A. True
B. False

Answer 2

B. False

Question 3

What is the importance of appropriate determination of sample size?
A. The actual number of samples needed to complete the study is decreased by at least 50%
B. The feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured
C. The duration of study and estimate of the budget can be extended beyond the estimates
D. All those belonging to the population being studied are assured of being included as a subject in the study

Answer 3

B. The feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured

Question 4

A type of sampling technique used commonly in epidemiologic researches where natural groupings of individuals are selected from a population based on geographic areas or district:
A. Cluster
B. Systematic
C. Consecutive
D. Stratified

Answer 4

D. Stratified

Question 5

Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from another:
A. Cofounders
B. Quatitative variables
C. Discrete variables
D. Qualitative variables

Answer 5

D. Qualitative variables

Question 6

When one is collecting data by interviewing, or
administering a questionnaire or by observing, he is collecting
A. Census data
B. Primary data
C. Secondary data
D. Sample data

Answer 6

B. Primary data

A primary data source is an original data source, that is, one in which the data are collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific research purpose or project.

Question 7

A measure on how close the experimental value is to the true value is
A. Accuracy
B. Precision

Answer 7

A. Accuracy

Question 8

Which of the following is part of the study of statistics?
A. Data collection
B. Data analysis
C. Data presentation
D. Data interpretation
E. All of the above

Answer 8

E. All of the above

Question 9

Which one is NOT a characteristic of ideal measure dispersion?
A. It is not affected by extreme values
B. It must be easy to understand
C. It is the most unreliable measure of central tendency
D. It is least affected by sampling fluctuation

Answer 9

C. It is the most unreliable measure of central tendency

• rigidly defined.
• easy to understand and easy to calculate.
• based on all the observations of the data.
• subjected to further mathematical treatment.
• be least affected by the sampling fluctuation.
• not be unduly affected by the extreme values

Question 10

Factors that contribute to random error include
A. Poor accuracy
B. Sampling error
C. Bias in measurement
D. All of the above

Answer 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

All of the following information are considered critical in the computation of sample size, EXCEPT:
A. Whether the variable under study is paired or unpaired
B. Whether both a and b errors are considered
C. Whether the effect size set is big or small
D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

Answer 11

D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

Question 12

When the distribution of the group of individuals according to whom they voted for president during the last elections are graphically depicted, which of the graph types can be used?
A. Polygon
B. Histogram
C. Scatterplot
D. Pie chart

Answer 12

D. Pie chart

Question 13

Which of the following types of graphs can be used to describe the distribution of the population according to socio-economic status (high, medium, or low)?
A. Bar chart
B. Pie chart
C. Component bar chart
D. All of the above

Answer 13

D. All of the above

Qualitative:
* Bar graph
* Pie chart
* Component bar graph

Question 14

Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true.
A. Alpha error
B. Beta error
C. Blunder
D. Systematic error

Answer 14

A. Alpha error

Question 15

Where the data mislead because they are not representative of the population
A. Selection bias
B. Classification bias
C. Sampling bias
D. Validity bias

Answer 15

A. Selection bias

Question 16

The direction of the relationship is enough to ascertain the strength of the association between variables.
A. True
B. False

Answer 16

B. False

Question 17

Which deals with an inspection average?
A. Mode
B. Mean
C. Median
D. Dispersion

Answer 17

A. Mode

Question 18

A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states a difference between variables.
A. True
B. False

Answer 18

B. False

Question 19

The square root of the mean of the square of the individual deviations from the mean is
A. Average of variation
B. Standard deviation
C. Range
D. Coefficient of range

Answer 19

B. Standard deviation

Question 20

Which of the following sampling methods involves obtaining a sample where the probability of inclusion of a unit is not known/specified?
A. Simple random
B. Systematic
C. Stratified
D. Quota

Answer 20

D. Quota

Question 21

10. The appropriate test of statistical significance for this trial IS:.
    * the critical ratio
    * the odds ration
    * the paired t test
    * z test

Answer 21

the paired t test

Question 22

11. By mere inspection of data, what can you conclude?.
    * Even if clinically meaningful, the difference is not statistically significant
    * Even if statistically significant, the difference is probably not clinically meaningful
    * If clinically meaningful, the test must be statistically significant
    * The difference is definitely clinically meaningful

Answer 22

Even if statistically significant, the difference is probably not clinically meaningful

Question 23

12. Before concluding that the intervention lacks statistical significance, you would want to consider:.
    * beta error
    * alpha level
    * critical ratio
    * p value
    * type 1 error

Answer 23

beta error

Question 24

15. Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true.
    * alpha error
    * beta error
    * blunder
    * systematic error

Answer 24

alpha error

Type I/ Alpha / False Positive Error: Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality it is not true. Suggests that the test is not specific.
FP Error Rate = FP / (FP + TN)

Question 25

16. Which of the following about Ratio is not correct?. A. it measures quotient of two numbers without taking particular considerations to time or place B. it expressed the relative frequency of occurrence of event compared to another event C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event D. ratio realizes the implications of certain data to a physicians practice

Answer 25

C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event

Question 26

17. Which graph is suitable to be used to show the increasing cases of COVID-19 from March-August?. * line graph * histogram * pie chart * bar graph

Answer 26

line graph

Question 27

The alpha is inversely proportional to the probability of committing a Type I error. True False

Answer 27

True

Question 28

If a test of significance gives a value lower than the alpha-level, the null hypothesis is rejected.. * True * False

Answer 28

True

Question 29

22. Which one is NOT a characteristic of an ideal measure dispersion? * it is not affected by extreme values * it must be easy to understand * it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency * it is least affected by sampling fluctuation

Answer 29

it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency

Question 30

46. The following can be considered advantages of doing Sampling in a research undertaking, EXCEPT:. A. Samples can be studied more quickly than entire population B. It can decrease the expense of the study C. It increases heterogeneity resulting in a more representative group of subjects D. It often gives more accurate results than studies done based on large population

Answer 30

C. It increases heterogeneity resulting in a more representative group of subjects

Question 31

47.A type of sampling technique used commonly in epidemiologic researches where natural groupings of individuals are selected from a population based on geographic areas or district:. * cluster * systematic * consecutive * stratified

Answer 31

stratified

Question 32

48.A type of non-probability sampling technique considered to be the one that best approximates probability sampling technique as it eventually leads to inclusion of all eligible subjects during the duration of the study:. * multistage * judgmental * snowball * consecutive

Answer 32

multistage

Question 33

49.Which of the following sampling methods involves obtaining a sample where the probability of inclusion of a unit is not known/specified?. * A. Simple Random sampling * B. Systematic sampling * Stratified sampling * Quota sampling

Answer 33

* Quota sampling

Question 34

50.What is the importance of appropriate determination of sample size?. A. the actual number of samples needed to complete the study is decreased by at least 50% B. the feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured C. the duration of study and estimate of the budget can be extended beyond the estimates D. all those belonging to the population being studied are assured of being included as a subject in the study

Answer 34

B. the feasibility of the study in terms of availability of the subject is assured

Question 35

51.An investigator wants to undertake a study involving the reason for drug abuse among Filipinos. Which of the following methods is the most appropriate sampling method to be used?. * A. Simple Random Sampling * B. Non-probability sampling * Systematic Sampling * Multistage Sampling

Answer 35

B. Non-probability sampling

Question 36

52.What is the process of specifying the kind of subjects best suited to the research question and where to recruit them?. * exclusion critera * randomization * sampling design * sampling or eligibility critera

Answer 36

* sampling design

Question 37

53.A physician wants to determine the prevalence of parasitism among school children in an urban area where most children in private schools come from affluent families whereas, most children from public schools come from poor families. What is the most appropriate type of sampling methodology to use in this situation?. * simple random sampling * systematic sampling * stratified random sampling * multi stage sampling

Answer 37

* stratified random sampling

Question 38

54.What is the sampling method wherein every subject falling within a fixed sampling interval is obtained from a population N which is arranged in some definite way?. * simple random sampling * stratified sampling * systematic sampling * cluster sampling

Answer 38

* systematic sampling

Question 39

55.What type of sampling technique is used for “Man- in-the-street” surveys and interviews among senior citizens who drop in at a health booth in a mall?. * simple random sampling * systematic random sampling * convenience sampling * cluster sampling

Answer 39

convenience sampling

Question 40

56.What is the probability sampling method that assures adequate representation of minority sub- groups?. * A. Systematic random sampling * B. Stratified random sampling * Cluster sampling * Simple random sampling

Answer 40

* B. Stratified random sampling

Question 41

57. Which sampling method is appropriate when a population is not widely spread geographically?. * simple random sampling * systematic random sampling * stratified random sampling * multi stage sampling

Answer 41

simple random sampling

Question 42

* 58.What is the maximum subject drop-out rate in a study in order for that study’s results to remain acceptable?. <10% <20% <15% <5%

Answer 42

<20%

Question 43

59.All of the following information are considered critical in the computation of sample size, EXCEPT:. A. Whether the variable under study is paired or unpaired B. Whether both α and β errors are considered C. Whether the effect size set is big or small D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

Answer 43

D. Whether the study will utilize primary or secondary data

Question 44

63.Which of the following types of graphs can be used to describe the distribution of the population according to socio-economic status (high, medium, or low)?. * bar chart * pie chart * component bar chart * all of the above

Answer 44

all of the above

Question 45

64.This is a graph that shows the relationship of two quantitative variables. * bar chart * pie chart * line graph * histogram * scatter plot

Answer 45

line graph

Question 46

65.When one is collecting data by interviewing, or administering a questionnaire or by observing, he is collecting. * Census data * primary data * secondary data * sample data

Answer 46

primary data

Question 47

66.The process of determining the probable size of a population in the future is called. * statistical inference * point estimation * projection * descriptive statistics * none of the above

Answer 47

projection

Question 48

67.Sex, religion, occupation and family planning method used are examples of. * qualitative variables * quantitative variables * nominal variables * A and C * B and C

Answer 48

qualitative variables

Question 49

68.When the distribution of the group of individuals according to whom they voted for president during the last elections are graphically depicted, which of the graph types can be used?. * polygon * histogram * scatterplot * pie chart * none of the above

Answer 49

* scatterplot

Question 50

69.When the distribution of the group of individuals according to health expenses (in Pesos) is given, which of the graph types can be used?. * polygon * histogram * scatterplot * pie chart * none of the above

Answer 50

* histogram

Question 51

70. The data for constructing a population pyramid is obtained from a. * one-way frequency distribution * two-way frequency distribution * three-way frequency distribution * four-way frequency distribution

Answer 51

* two-way frequency distribution

Question 52

81.This is the most frequently occurring value in a series of observations. * mean * median * mode * none of these

Answer 52

* mode

Question 53

82.The square root of the mean of the square of the individual deviations from the mean is. * average deviation * coefficient of variation * standard deviation * range

Answer 53

* standard deviation

Question 54

83.An observation that has an inherent order among categories. * numerical scale * nominal scale * ordinal scale * binary observation

Answer 54

* ordinal scale

Question 55

84.Which among the following is NOT a measure of dispersion?. * range * coefficient of variation * variance * mode

Answer 55

* mode

Question 56

86.What is the effect of an inadequate sample size for a study?. A. Subjects may not be a random representative of the base population B. The researcher will not be able to apply the appropriate statistical test for the kind of data available C. There may not be enough subjects that will develop the outcome, in order to detect a difference D. The researcher might find an association between independent and dependent variables, even if there actually is none

Answer 56

C. There may not be enough subjects that will develop the outcome, in order to detect a difference

Question 57

87.Target population in a study refers to all of the following, EXCEPT:. A. Population to which the results will be generalized B. Defined by temporal characteristics C. Defined by clinical characteristics D. Defined by demographic characteristics

Answer 57

C. Defined by clinical characteristics

Question 58

88.In a study about people’s attitudes toward selling condoms in the supermarkets, the first 59 adults who entered the supermarket during the day of the data collection were interviewed. This sampling design is:. * systematic probability sampling * accidental non probability sampling * multi state probability sampling * simple random sampling

Answer 58

* accidental non probability sampling

Question 59

89.The main characteristic of non-probability sampling designs is:. * The probability of the sample being selected is not easy to determine or specify * All individuals in the population will be included as samples * All individuals in the population have an equal and predictable chance of being sampled * All individuals will have a non-zero chance of being selected as a sample

Answer 59

* The probability of the sample being selected is not easy to determine or specify

Question 60

90.In measuring the sex ratio,. * The number of males is subtracted from the number of females * The number of females is subtracted from the number of males * The number of males is the numerator while the number of females is the denominator * The number of females is the numerator while the number of males is the denominator

Answer 60

* The number of males is the numerator while the number of females is the denominator

Question 61

91.Which characterizes a normal curve sigmoidal * mean>median>mode * Completely described by the mean and standard deviation * Total area under the curve is greater than or equal to 1

Answer 61

* Completely described by the mean and standard deviation

Question 62

12. Before concluding that the intervention lacks statistical significance, you would want to consider:. * beta error * alpha level * critical ratio * p value * type 1 error

Answer 62

beta error

Question 63

15. Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is true, when in reality, it is not true. * alpha error * beta error * blunder * systematic error

Answer 63

* alpha error

Question 64

16. Which of the following about Ratio is not correct?. A. it measures quotient of two numbers without taking particular considerations to time or place B. it expressed the relative frequency of occurrence of event compared to another event C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event D. ratio realizes the implications of certain data to a physicians practice

Answer 64

C. it measures the probability of occurrence of some particular event

Question 65

17. Which graph is suitable to be used to show the increasing cases of COVID-19 from March-August?. * line graph * histogram * pie chart * bar graph

Answer 65

line graph

Question 66

18. The alpha is inversely proportional to the probability of committing a Type II error. * True * False

Answer 66

True

Question 67

20. If a test of significance gives a value lower than the alpha-level, the null hypothesis is rejected.. True False

Answer 67

True

Question 68

20. If a test of significance gives a value lower than the alpha-level, the null hypothesis is rejected.. True False

Answer 68

True

Question 69

22. Which one is NOT a characteristic of an ideal measure dispersion? * it is not affected by extreme values * it must be easy to understand * it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency * it is least affected by sampling fluctuation

Answer 69

* it is the most unreliable measure of central tendency

Question 70

25. A population pyramid is a special type of what graph?. * line graph * histogram * pie chart * bar graph

Answer 70

* bar graph

Question 71

26. Where the data mislead because they are not representative of the population. * selection bias * classification bias * sampling bias * validity bias * population bias

Answer 71

selection bias

Question 72

32. Which is used to summarized a big data set using less numbers?. * summarizing * cleaning * descriptive Statistics * analysis

Answer 72

* descriptive Statistics

Question 73

33. Which of the following gives best result when deviation is taken from median? * standard deviation * mean absolute deviation * skewness * coefficient of variation

Answer 73

* mean absolute deviation

Question 74

37. This illustration shows. * low precision, low accuracy * low precision, high accuracy * high precision, low accuracy * high precision ,high accuracy

Answer 74

* high precision, low accuracy

Question 75

42. Statistics enables us to remove the uncertainty of the relationship between variables and approximates a 100% clarity. * True * False

Answer 75

False ## Footnote We can never be completely 100% certain that a relationship exists between two variables. There are too many sources of error to be controlled, for example, sampling error, researcher bias, problems with reliability and validity, simple mistakes, etc.

Question 76

43. A graphical representation used in studying the age-sex structure of the population. * bar graph * pie chart * population pyramid * histogram

Answer 76

* population pyramid

Question 77

* 44. A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states a difference between variables.. True False

Answer 77

False

Question 78

45. Type II or Beta Error that occurs when data lead one to conclude that something is false, when in reality, it is true. The False negative rate suggests that the test is therefore sensitive. * Both are True * Both are False * First is True, Second is False * First is False, Second is True

Answer 78

First is True, Second is False

Question 79

46. A null hypothesis states that the proposed relationship is untrue. True False

Answer 79

True

Question 80

47. Statistical correlation analysis is possible between qualitative variables. True False

Answer 80

False

Question 81

50. No comparison of greater or less, higher or lower, better or worse. * quantitative variables * qualitative variables * continuous variables * discrete variables

Answer 81

* qualitative variables

Question 82

52. Which deals with an inspection average?. * mode * mean * median * dispersion

Answer 82

* mode

Question 83

57. To determine the capability of the hospital to deliver health services, the management assessed the number of beds per population. What measure is this?. * ratio * rate * proportion * count

Answer 83

* ratio

Question 84

65. Dr. Pascual and his team selected group of participants by random sampling and asked that group for the same information again several times over a period of time. What is the sampling method used?. * cluster sampling * panel sampling * purposive sampling * snowball sampling

Answer 84

* panel sampling

Question 85

69. Uncertainty between true value and observed value is. error mistake blunder deviation

Answer 85

error

Question 85

69. Uncertainty between true value and observed value is. error mistake blunder deviation

Answer 85

error

Question 86

75. Type 1 error is the probability of finding a difference with our sample compared to population, and there really isn’t one. This is usually set at 5% (or 0.05) * both are true * both are false * first is ture, second false * first is false, second is true

Answer 86

* both are true

Question 87

78. Statistical significance is achieved when:. * alpha is greatar than or equal to p * beta equals alpha * p is greater than alpha * p is greater than beta

Answer 87

alpha is greatar than or equal to p

Question 88

80. In statistics, a result is called significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance. True False

Answer 88

True

Question 89

85. Measurement that is free of random error. * accuracy * precision * both * neither

Answer 89

* neither

Question 90

87. The direction of the relationship is enough to ascertain the strength of the association between variables. True False

Answer 90

False

Question 91

88. The smaller the probability of being wrong, the more significant is the relationship being statistically significant True False

Answer 91

True

Question 92

90. Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from another. * confounders * quantitative variables * discrete variables * qualitative variables

Answer 92

qualitative variables

Question 93

94. The mathematical formula for a straight line is y=mx+b. The conceptual approach to this formula is not the same in mathematics as in statistics. In statistics:. * Only m is unknown * the equation is irrelevant * and y are known, and m and b are to be determined * y is known, and x is to be determined

Answer 93

* and y are known, and m and b are to be determined

Question 94

95. Factors that contribute to random error include. * poor accuracy * sampling error * bias in measurement * all of the above

Answer 94

all of the above

Question 95

96. The date today is what kind of date. * nominal * ordinal * interval * ratio

Answer 95

interval

Question 95

96. The date today is what kind of date. * nominal * ordinal * interval * ratio

Answer 95

interval

Question 96

80. Data collection tool that makes use of checklist and to quantify people behavior and attitudes A. Focused-group discussion B. Interview C. Experiment D. Questionnaire

Answer 96

D. Questionnaire

Question 97

84. Categories are used as labels to distinguish one group from the other A. Confounders B. Quantitaive Variables C. Discrete Variables D. Qualitative Variables

Answer 97

D. Qualitative Variables

Question 98

90. Interpreting odds ratio, which of the following is true? * A. OR <1 increasing the person’s development of the outcome * B. OR = 1 exposure increase/decrease the persons development of the outcome * C. OR = 1 exposure no effect in having the outcome * D. OR >1 decreases the person’s development of the outcome

Answer 98

C. OR = 1 exposure no effect in having the outcome

Question 99

Which of the following parameters of the normal distribution determines the position of the curve along the x-axis? a. Mean b. Variance c. Standard deviation d. Coefficient of Variance

Answer 99

a. Mean

Question 100

Which determine how flat or peaked the curve is? a. Mean b. Standard deviation c. Variance d. Coefficient of variance

Answer 100

a. Mean

Question 101

11.Which of the following does not characterize indirect standardization of rates?. * The standardized mortality ratio is the final output that will be utilized to compare the death rates of the 2 populations * The standardized mortality ratio is the final output that will be utilized to compare the death rates of the 2 populations * The standardized age-specific death rate is used instead of the original specific death rate * Redistributing or combining the population is used to remove the effect of unwanted variable

Answer 101

* Redistributing or combining the population is used to remove the effect of unwanted variable