Leadership Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the definition of leadership?
Bass&Stogdill: many definitions of leadership
Buchanan & Hucznyki: the process of influencing the activities of an organisation in its efforts towards goal setting and achievement
-: this definition doesn’t state that person doing the influencing has to be the manager. So leading is not managing and in theory anyone can display leadership
- the term organised group can refer to other types of work like sports, gangs, drug cartel. To study leadership you need to look at varied setting where leadership takes place
Keith Grint: without followers you can’t be a leader
What are signs of effective leadership?
Becoming influential
facilitating teamwork
Developing others
Having & compelling vision
What are signs of ineffective leadership?
Inability to motivate people
Difficulty of attracting/ recruiting tge right people
Low productivity
Poor customer orientation
Ineffective delegation
Lack of creativity
Lack of initiative
What does John Kotter say the difference between managers and leaders are?
Managers are leaders are different people who make distinct contributions to organisations
Leaders: seen as visionaries, who are concerned with the future, inspire others to change and drive new initiatives
Managers: seen as engineers who are concerned with the here and now and ensure the machine keeps working - monitoring and maintaining stability in the organisation
What are the 3 characteristics of leadership ?
- Establishes direction: creates vision, clarifies the big pic, set strategies
- Aligns people: communicates goals, seeks commitment coalition and alliances
- Motivates and inspires: energises, empowers subordinates & colleagues, satisfies unmet needs
What are the 3 characteristics of management ?
- Planning and budgeting: establishes agendas, sets timetables, allocates resources
- Organising and staffing: provide structures, make job placements, establish rules & procedure
- Controlling and problem solving: develop incentives, generates creative solutions, takes corrective action
What does Julian Birkinshaw say about leadership vs management ?
Roles of managers and leaders are distinct but equally important.
What does Henry Mintzberg say about the difference between management v leadership
Disagrees that there is a distinction between the 2, how can we or should we ever separate the two roles in practice
- would you be managed by someone that doesn’t lead
- would you be led by someone that doesn’t manage
What is the great man and trait theory ?
Thomas Carlyle: the history of the world is a biography of a great man
In crisis a person emerges leading the masses to safety. Eg: Mandela
The trait theory: leaders are born not made, leadership consists of inherited characteristics or personality traits
Drucher: leadership can’t be created, promoted, learnt nor taught
What are leadership traits that scholars consider ?
Stogdill: intelligence, alertness, initiative, responsibility, persistence
Mann: intelligence, masculinity, adjustment, dominance, conservatism
Lord et al: intelligence, masculinity, dominance
Kirkpatrick & Locke: drive, motivation, integrity, confidence, cognitive ability
What are critiques of the trait theory
Anyone can have these traits, some of these traits are negative
Fifty years of study abd there is failure to decipher one personality trait or a set of quality that discriminate a leader and non leader
What is the Stogdill critique?
Leadership is a relation that exists between persons in a social situation
- what makes a person a leader in one situation is not the same as in another situation
- Therefore we can’t say that a certain trait makes a person a leader as in another setting that same trait doesn’t make them a leader
What is the Skills approach?
Believes that leadership skills and abilities can be learned & developed
Leadership skills: the ability for one to use knowledge and competencies to accomplish set goals
What is Katz three skill approach?
- Technical skills: functional & problem solving skills
- Human skills: ability to work effectively as a group & build co-operative effort with a team
- Conceptual skills: ability to see the enterprise as a whole
What is the contingency theories of leadership?
Developed by those who rejected the best way of leading
The best style of leadership is depended on the features of the context/ situation
What is the Implications of the contingency theory?
Leaders not only have to be good at leading others but also
1. Diagnosing a situation before it happens
2. Adapting their style to suit the situation, they must be like chameleon adapting their style to fit the setting, therefore no fixed traits of leadership
What is Tannebaum & Schimdt’s leadership style continuum?
Rejected the one best way approach, which proposed that the more participative and democratic leadership styler were more superior
- they said that effective leadership had to operate on a continuum between autocratic and democratic leadership styles depending on the situation
What are Tannenbaum & Schmidt’s 3 forces
- Leader forces: the personality, value & preferences of a leader and their belief, confidence in subordinates and employee participation
- Follower forces: degree to which the followers have a need for independence, tolerance for ambiguity, knowledge of the problem and expectations about involvement
- Situation forces: the complexity of the problem, the importance of the decision, the norms of the organisation, the effectiveness of those in groups in yea working
What is Hersey & Blanchard’s situational leadership theory ?
They focused on how ready the followers were to lead themselves and they broke this down into ability and willing
Ability: refers to how competent the followers are doing in their tasks
- Ask: do followers have the ability to do their job to the required standard
Willingness: refers to how confident and committed followers are getting on with their job by themselves, they may be competent but not willing to lead themselves
4 presumption of followers
R1: unwilling&unable, R2: willing&unable, R3:unwilling&able R4:willing&able
What is is Hersey & Blanchard’s leader behaviour dimension ?
In each of the 4 presumption 2 behavioural dimensions
1. Directive behaviour: the leader directs the behaviour of the follower by instructing them on how to complete the task
2. Supportive behaviour: gives social consideration and emotional support to the followers
What is Hersey & Blanchard’s model?
S1 Telling: instruct and direct followers about what and how to do the tasks
S2 selling: persuade, reassure & encourage followers to do the tasks
S3 participating: involve and consult followers about what task to do and how to do them
S4 delegating: empower and trust followers with full responsibility to decide what and how to do the tasks
What are the implications of situational leadership theory?
Leaders might have to adapt their style of leadership in teams based on follower readiness
Leaders might have to adapt their style to individuals level of readiness
Leaders also need to change their leadership style over time as teams develop
What is the difference between transformational v transactional leadership ?
Burns
Transforming leaders: strength of vision, personality and charisma that inspires and followers to work towards common goals and or higher moral values
Transactional leaders: give and take approach bargaining followers to do what they want them to do eg: via rewards. Gain compliance from leaders but no emotional attachment to work
What are the 4 I’s of transformational leadership?
- Idealised Influence
- Intellectual stimulation
- Inspirational motivation
- Individual consideration
