Leadership exam 1

Question 1

Morals

Answer 1

traditional beliefs of good & bad, right or wrong

example: it is not good to kill someone

Question 2

Values

Answer 2

Ideas, beliefs, customs, modes of conduct, qualities, or goals that are highly prized or preferred by an individual groups or society

It guides behaviors:
- frame of reference
- direction
- meaning of life

Question 3

Belief systems

Answer 3

1) Why people exist in this universe
2) Explain life and death, good, evil, health, and illness
3) Personal belief system vs religion
4) Help survivors make decisions and live with them afterwards

Question 4

Ethics

Answer 4

right or wrong of human behavior

Question 5

Ethical theories

Answer 5

explain values and behavior related to cultural and moral norms

Question 6

Philosophy

Answer 6

examination of beliefs and assumptions

Question 7

Why should we be reflective about our personal values?

Answer 7

Self awareness
Values clarification allow us the opportunity to understand our interactions and reactions

Question 8

Moral Theory

Answer 8

Provides a framework for cohesive and consistent ethical reasoning and decision making

Two moral theories having the greatest influence on contemporary bioethics and nursing
1) Utilitarianism
2) Deotology

Moral philosophy response with words that include:
1) ought
2)should
3) right
4)wrong
5)good
6) bad

Question 9

Utilitarianism

Answer 9

Moral philosophy of healthcare delivery

Holds that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequence, outcome , or result that is derived from it

Question 10

Act-utilitarianism

Answer 10

A persons act is morally right only if it produces at least as much happiness as any other act that the person can perform at that time

Question 11

Rule-utilitarianism

Answer 11

People choose rules in ALL situation that increase the overall good

Example: handwashing

Question 12

Deontology

Answer 12

Roots in rationalism ( sense of duty)

Belief that rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act NOT its consequences

Example: CPR; if patient is at code it is your duty to do CPR

Question 13

Virtue Ethics

Answer 13

Morality depends upon a person’s character

A virtuous person will naturally choose the morally right decision

Virtues/morally important traits:
Compassion
Discernment ( ability to judge well)
Trustworthiness
Integrity

Question 14

Value Clarification

Answer 14

Value Clarification: deciding what one believes is important

Choosing:
Choosing freely
Choosing from alternatives
Deciding after giving consideration to the consequences of each alternative

Prizing:
Being satisfied about the choice
Being willing to declare the choice to others

Acting:
Making the choice a part of one’s worldview and incorporating it into behavior

Question 15

Moral distress

Answer 15

When nurses know the action they need to take but are unable to act

Question 16

Moral suffering

Answer 16

Nurses experience a feeling of uneasiness or concern regarding behaviors or circumstances that challenge their own morals and beliefs

Question 17

Ethical Principles

Answer 17

Basic and obvious moral truths that guide actions
Presuppose a basic respect for persons

Autonomy

Beneficence

Veracity

Non-maleficence

Confidentiality

Justice

Fidelity

Question 18

Autonomy:

Answer 18

Self-governing
- The autonomous person is respect
- The autonomous person is able to determine personal goals
- The autonomous person is able to decide on a plan
- The autonomous person is able to act upon their choices

Value of autonomy is culturally dependent ( example: whatever the fathers say for the child is the decision)

Respect for autonomy does not require respect for all autonomous decisions

Respect the principle rather than each action or choice

Question 19

Informed consent

Answer 19

legal protection of personal autonomy ( give patients autonomy)

Question 20

Paternalism

Answer 20

places power in the hands of the person who is making for the decision, implies that the decision maker knows what is best

(opposite of autonomy, someone other than patient is making the decision)

Question 21

Advocacy

Answer 21

ensures the patients welfare and respects the patients autonomy because it aims to act according to the patients values

( advocacy and autonomy go hand in hand; nurses are patient advocates … example: speaking up for yourself or for a patient)

Question 22

Beneficence

Answer 22

Beneficence: ( providing a benefit to the patient)

The act of
Doing good
Preventing harm
Removing evil/harm

Question 23

Preventing harm

Answer 23

Ask yourself:
In what instances might a nurse be compelled to prevent harm?
How far should a nurse go to prevent harm?

Question 24

Remove evil/harm

Answer 24

Ask yourself:
In what type of situations would a nurse need to remove harm?
What are the risks to the nurse?

Question 25

Nonmaleficence

Answer 25

do no harm

Question 26

Veracity

Answer 26

The practice of telling the truth This is controversial at times Discussion: is there any acceptable situation for not telling the truth? Veracity, confidentiality, and privacy go hand in hand Confidentiality requires information be kept private - Limitations?

Question 27

Justice

Answer 27

appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons

Question 28

Fidelity

Answer 28

faithfulness/ promise keeping Nurses must faithfully 1) Uphold the professions code of ethics 2) Practice within established scope of practice 3) Practice competently 4) Keep promises to patients

Question 29

Caring for patients involves respect Respect is demonstrated when nurses apply these ethical principles when caring for patients Ethical principles must always be taken into consideration even when healthcare seems

Question 30

Analysis

Answer 30

What is the problem? Simple or complex, routine or moral Moral problems are complex and as such the decision-making process must not be taken lightly These decisions cannot be undone - irreversible

Question 31

Types of Moral Problems

Answer 31

Moral uncertainty Moral dilemma Moral distress Moral outrage Moral reckoning

Question 32

Moral uncertainty

Answer 32

Not sure of the morally correct action Two answers can be correct; you are uncertain

Question 33

Moral dilemma

Answer 33

A problem Requires a choice between two equally unfavorable and mutually exclusive options Example: it is morally right to preserve life however, many would agree that is it wrong to prolong suffering A moral dilemma occurs when solutions to a problem include conflicting moral claims

Question 34

Moral Dilemma Presentation

Answer 34

Two ways moral dilemmas may present: Evidence indicates that an act is morally right, and other evidence indicates that the act is morally wrong, but no evidence is conclusive One moral rule supports one course of action and another moral rule supports another course of action yet the two actions are mutually exclusive

Question 35

Ethical Decision Making

Answer 35

Basic features constitute every type of decision: A problem Alternative solutions Uncertainty Outcome

Question 36

Effective Decision Maker

Answer 36

Moral integrity Sensitivity, compassion, and caring Sense of responsibility Empowerment Patience and willingness to deliberate Knowledgeable about societal rules, ethical principles, and professional standards

Question 37

Ethical Decision-Making Process

Answer 37

Articulate the problem ( figure out the problem) Gather data and identify conflicting moral claims ( gather data from the internet) Explore strategies ( explore different ideas) Implement the chosen strategy Evaluate outcomes ( document/ evaluate the outcome)

Question 38

Solution to moral dilemmas

Answer 38

nursing process (ADPIE)