learing objectivies topic 1 Flashcards
Describe the characteristics that are shared by living things
Acquire and use material and energy
Maintains organised complexity
Sense and respond to stimuli
Grow
Reproduce
Evolve collectivly
List the three main ideas that are the foundation of the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection
mutation
inheritance
natural selction
why dna is the basis of life
the basic units for hereditary
replication encodes proteins which drive metabolism (energy)
necessary for offspring
causes variation
mutation lead to adaptation and evolution
4 domains of life
Bacteria
plants
Protists or eucarya
archaea
Explain what is meant by the scientific method.
Observation - question - hypothesis - experiment - analysis - conclusion
Define terms: hypothesis, variable, experimental control, theory.
Variable - a possible influence on the experiment (temperature)
Experimental control - all possible variables are held at a constant (baseline)
Theory - general and reliable explanation
Hypothesis - a prediction based on the understanding of relevant scientific theories
difference between a scientific theory and a belief.
Theory - general and reliable explanation the result of extensive inductive and deductive reasoning and experimentation.
Belief - impossible to prove or disprove
state the fundamental principles of good experimental design.
Be repeatable, even by others
Include replicates
Can be communicated.
state the three principles of science
Events have natural causes
Laws do not change over time or distance
Findings are “value neutral”; independent of bias
three principles of cell theory
- Every organism is made up of at least one cell
- The smallest organisms are unicellular, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
- All cells arise from preexisting cells; this means that cells are the basic units of life
List the basic attributes of cells
1 to 100 micrometres -mm
Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
Cytoplasm - site of most metabolic reactions
Dna - blueprint
Rna - copy blueprint and guide protein construction
Cytosol - fluid portion of cytoplasm
similarities of plant and animal cells
Nuclei, nucleoli, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, rough ER, mitochondria
diffrences of plant and animal cell
cell wall
chloroplasts
central vaculoe
plasmodesmata/lysosomes
larger vs smaller
basic structure of plant and animal cell
domain eukarya
contains organelles
uni and muticellular species
Major features of eukaryotic cells (extracellular matrix)
Surrounding the cell ECM reinforces plasma membrane containing interstitial fluid, support proteins and adhesion proteins
describe the cytoskeleton and its function
made from protein filament it assists in support, transport, shape, locomotion and cell division.
Within the cytoplasm there are three major types -microfilaments,intermediate filaments,microtubules
Describe the structure and function of the nucleus, including chromosomes and the nucleolus.
Site of ribosome synthesis
Composed of RNA, DNA, proteins and ribosomes
Identify the components of the endomembrane system and describe their function. This includes: rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles
segregates molecules and orders biochemical processes
Vesicles are temporary sacs used to transport molecules via endocytosis or exocytosis
Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubes and sacs that are crucial for synthesis and transport, and has both rough and smooth membranes.
Rough ER are ribosomal studded and used in the folding and packaging for proteins in vesicles.
Smooth ERs are used in synthesising lipids, membranes and steroids.
Golgi apparatus flattened interconnected sacs finalises sythates by sorting into vesicles and labelling
Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs that use digestive enzymes to break down molecules e.g. food vacuoles.
Proteins produced by ribosomes in the ER, then flows into vesicles into the golgi. Golgi pinches vesicles and brings lysosomes, vesicles take protein into plasma membrane where it is secreted via the membrane expanding by fusion vesicles.
Define the term plastid and describe the function that chloroplasts perform in plants.
Chloroplasts/plastids contain chlorophyll which is a light capturing pigment that absorbs all colours of light except green, which is reflected.
The energy captured drives photosynthesis
Explain the importance of the mitochondrion to the cell and describe its internal structure; explain why it is thought that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis of prokaryotic organisms.
Conducts aerobic cellular respiration
All eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria
Store energy in ATP bonds
Said to have evolved from bacteria 1.7 billion years ago it is said to have been digested and become interdependent over time.
Describe the main features of prokaryotic cells and outline the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Uni vs multicellular
Simple vs complex
No /Nucleus
No /organeles
Cell wall in pro and plant multi
Pro has nucleoids
