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Bio 12 > learn this > Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the large intestine absorb

A

Water and electrolytes

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2
Q

What are vitamins produced by in the large intestine

A

they are produced by bacteria

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3
Q

What does the large intestine hold

A

Faeces which manufactures vitamins

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4
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

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5
Q

What does the liver store

A

Glucose as glycogen, iron, and vitamins

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6
Q

Does the liver detoxify and what with

A

Yes with H2O2

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7
Q

What are the livers non- digestive functions

A

Kills red blood cells, breaks down amino acids

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8
Q

What is the stomach connected to ?

A

The esophagus and the duodenum

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9
Q

How many layers of muscles does the stomach have

A

3 layers

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10
Q

What always for stretching in the stomach

A

Rugae (folds)

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11
Q

What are Gastric pits

A

Pits in the stomach that produce pepsin, HCl and Mucous

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12
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

A

Around 2 (it is acidic)

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13
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter

A

Above the stomach

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14
Q

Where is the phloric sphincter

A

Below the stomach

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15
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Breaks down protein

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16
Q

Where do digestive fluids work

A

In the small intestine

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17
Q

What are digestive fluids and where do they work

A

Bile, pancreatic enzymes, buffer, and intestinal enzymes. They work in the small intestine

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18
Q

Where does nutrient absorption happen

A

90% happens in the small intestine

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19
Q

Where is chyme released

A

Drip by drip into the duodenum (top of small intestine)

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20
Q

What is the goal of the small intestine

A

Break food into monomers and absorb nutrients

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21
Q

Does the pancreas neutralize stomach acid

A

yes with, NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)

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22
Q

what are the enzymes produced in the pancreas

A

Pancreatic amylase, Trypsin,Lipase, Nuclease

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23
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce

A

Insulin, Glucagon

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24
Q

When blood sugar is low what does the pancreas produce

A

Glucagon is released

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25
Q

When blood sugar is high what does the pancreas produce

A

It releases Insulin

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26
Q

What happens when no glucose or glycogen is available

A

Amino acids are turned into glucose

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27
Q

What is the Duodenum

A

Top of small intestine

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28
Q

where does chyme go drip by drip

A

the Duodenum

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29
Q

Where does bile from the liver end up

A

the duodenum

30
Q

Where does nutrient absorption happen

A

In the small intestine

31
Q

What helps the small intestine with nutrient absorption

A

surface area

32
Q

What increases the surface are of the small intestine

A

Length, inner folds, villi, micro villi

33
Q

What are fats in the small intestine absorbed by

A

Lacteals which are within the villi

34
Q

what is the hepatic vein

A

Takes blood nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

35
Q

What does the liver remover from the blood

A

The liver removes toxins from the blood

36
Q

What happens once blood is detoxified in the liver

A

The blood enters general circulation via the hepatic vein

37
Q

what is the purpose of the GI tract

A

to digest and absorb nutrients through absorption

38
Q

What are the 5 functions of the GI tract

A

Ingestion, digestion, nutrient absorption, excretion of waste products, the movement of water and enzymes

39
Q

Where does physical digestion begin

A

In the mouth

40
Q

What are used in the first stage of physical digestion

A

Your teeth and tongue

41
Q

What is the bolus

A

It is food mixed with saliva

42
Q

What is the enzyme that starts the initial breakdown of carbohydrates

A

Salivary amylase in the mouth

43
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain

A

Salivary amylase

44
Q

Where is the hard palate

A

Top of the mouth

45
Q

Where is the soft palate and what does it do

A

The middle of the top of the mouth, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

46
Q

What is the pharynx and what does it do

A

It is the back of the mouth, controls swallowing

47
Q

What is the Epiglottis

A

It stops food from entering the trachea

48
Q

What are the accessory organs

A

Salivary glands, liver,gallbladder,pancreas

49
Q

What does the pancreas produce that effects the stomach

A

It produces sodium bicarbonate which helps to neutralize stomach acid

50
Q

What hormones does the pancreas make

A

Insulin and glucagon

51
Q

When is insulin produced by the pancreas

A

When blood sugar is high

52
Q

What does the liver do with insulin when blood sugar is high

A

The liver takes it and turns glucose into glycogen and stores it

53
Q

What does the pancreas produce when blood sugar is low

A

Glucagon

54
Q

What does glucagon tell the liver to do

A

It tells the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose to increase sugar in the blood stream

55
Q

Where is the appendix

A

Attached to the large intestine

56
Q

What does the appendix store

A

Healthy gut bacteria

57
Q

Where are Villi

A

They line the small intestine

58
Q

What are inside villi

A

Lacteals and capillaries

59
Q

What do lacteals do

A

They take in fat and eventually dump them into the blood through the subclavian vein

60
Q

What do capillaries take in

A

The take in simple sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides

61
Q

What is chyme

A

Undigested food which is partly liquid and partly solid

62
Q

What is the enzyme produced in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

63
Q

What enzymes are produced in the stomach

A

Pepsin and HCL

64
Q

What enzymes are produced in the pancreas

A

Pancreatic amylase, trypsin,lipase,nuclease and a buffer

65
Q

What does the buffer do produced by the pancreas

A

Raises PH to 8.3

66
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile salts that break down fat

67
Q

What enzymes do the small intestine produce

A

Disaccharidases, and peptidases

68
Q

What does the gallbladder do

A

Stores excess bile

69
Q

What does bile do

A

Breaks down fatty acid

70
Q

WHAT IS THE PH in the mouth

A

7

71
Q

What is the PH in the stomach

A

1.5-3.5

72
Q

What is the PH in the pancreas

A

7-8

Bio 12 (3 decks)

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