Learning

Question 1

Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

Type of learning process in which behaviour is modified by the consequence following the behaviour

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Type of unconscious or automatic learning

Question 3

How does Classical Conditioning work?

Answer 3

Learning where a conditioned response occurs due to a relationship between unconditioned stimuli with neutral stimuli

Question 4

Observational Conditioning

Answer 4

Type of learning that happens indirectly through watching others

Question 5

Personal Difference in Learning

Answer 5

People learn in different ways

There are many factors that influence the learning process

Question 6

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)

Answer 6

Promotes an innate or automatic response from test subjects

The response is natural to the stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned Stimuli (CS)

Answer 7

The neutral stimulus that has now elicited a response

Occurs after conditioning has occurred

Question 8

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

Answer 8

A stimulus that at first does not elicit a response

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 9

Neutral stimulus (now conditioned) results in an action/behaviour

Occurs after conditioning

Question 10

Little Albert

Answer 10

Watson & Raynor investigated if fear could be a learned response through classical conditioning principles.

A baby was conditioned to fear white rats.

Question 11

Stimulus Generalisation

Answer 11

The ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations.

Question 12

When does Stimulus Generalisation Occur?

Answer 12

Occurs when the conditioned response is elicited on the presentation of another similar stimulus other than the conditioned stimulus.

Question 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 13

Learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Occurs when a subject responds to the conditioned stimulus only, not any other similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 14

What happens during the Acquisition Stage?

Answer 14

Subjects learn to link the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus

Form association between the neutral and unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

What is the Acquisition Stage?

Answer 15

Acquisition is the learning process in which the response is established

Question 16

Performance Stage

Answer 16

Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer required to be present for the conditioned response to occur

Question 17

Contiguity (Classical)

Answer 17

Is the timing of the stimulus being presented in order for the conditioning to occur.

Question 18

Contingency (Classical)

Answer 18

Is the relationship between stimulus and expectation that one’s comes with the other

The predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus to another

Question 19

Extinction

Answer 19

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is continually presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

Preparedness (Classical)

Answer 20

The predisposition humans and animals have to avoid harm

Psychologists believe humans and animals are biologically programmed to form associations between stimuli that threaten survival or expose them to harm

Question 21

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 21

Occurs after an interval where the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus are reintroduced

The conditioned stimulus will elicit the conditioned response

Question 22

B.F Skinner

Answer 22

Taught animals to perform voluntary behaviours

Used reinforcement with food

Found reinforced behaviour is strengthened while behaviour not reinforced weakens

Question 23

Skinner Box

Answer 23

A small box that excluded external stimuli

Contained a lever that when pressed food was presented

Tested small animals by reinforcing their positive behaviour and minimising negative

Question 24

Reinforcement

Answer 24

Describes what happens when behaviour is strengthened

Any stimuli that strengthens or increases likelihood for response happening again

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

Weakens, stops or eliminates behaviour Any stimulus that weakens or decreases likelihood of a response happening again

Question 26

Contingency (Operant)

Answer 26

Relationship between a behaviour and consequence To be efficient, consequences must be consistent and appropriate

Question 27

Contiguity (Operant)

Answer 27

Time between when behaviour is made, and consequences occurs Shorter intervals produce faster learning

Question 28

Systematic Desensitisation

Answer 28

Behaviour therapy technique Method for treating phobias or fears

Question 29

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 29

Behaviour is rewarded every time the behaviour is performed Learning is fastest but extinction is more likely

Question 29

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 29

Two types: positive and negative Positive reinforcement is most useful when trying to shape behaviour Two types of positive reinforcement are: partial and continuous

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

A successful way of learning increasingly complex behaviours using positive reinforcement Done by rewarding small steps Basic skill is built upon to become complex

Question 31

Interval Reinforcement

Answer 31

Time intervals, e.g., minutes

Question 31

Preparedness (Operant)

Answer 31

Animals and humans learn and retain behaviours most easily when they are tied/linked to their biological predisposition

Question 32

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 32

Some of the desired behaviors are reinforced

Question 33

Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 33

Number ratios, e.g., every 3 times

Question 33

Fixed Reinforcement

Answer 33

Predictable intervals, e.g., after every 3 minutes

Question 34

Variable Reinforcement

Answer 34

Random intervals, e.g., whenever

Question 35

Behaviour Modification

Answer 35

Changing/modifying behaviours Uses therapy techniques Doesn't use punishment

Question 36

Placebo Effect

Answer 36

Placebo is a treatment that does not have any active ingredients/stimuli Is often used as a baseline for research

Question 37

Mirror Cells

Answer 37

Gives meaning to monkey see monkey do Does action neuron fires, sees action neuron fires

Question 38

Factors that Affect Observational Learning

Answer 38

- Behaviour - Environmental factors - Personal factors - Attention - Retention - Reproduction - Motivation

Question 39

Attention

Answer 39

An individual notices something in the environment

Question 40

Retention

Answer 40

An individual remembers what was noticed

Question 41

What is the Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 41

Albert Bandura investigated if aggression could be learned by observing.

Question 41

Reproduction

Answer 41

An individual produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed

Question 42

Motivation

Answer 42

The environment delivers a consequence that changes the probability that behaviour will be produced again

Question 43

Role Model

Answer 43

Essential for development Bandura's research found modelling was higher if the sex of the model and sex of the learner was the same

Question 44

What did children witness in the Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 44

Children were individually shown into a room containing toys where adults physically and verbally abused fake dolls.

Question 45

What did children do after witnessing the aggression in the Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 45

The children then copied the actions of the adult after being removed from the room with the toys.

Question 46

Personal Characteristics

Answer 46

Relate to the demographic of a person Age, gender, personality, culture etc.

Question 46

Ways of Learning

Answer 46

3 universal ways that people learn Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning

Question 47

Academic Characteristics

Answer 47

Relate to education and formal learning Learning styles, goals, prior knowledge etc.

Question 48

Social/Emotional Characteristics

Answer 48

Relate to the group or individual Group structure, self-image, relationships, mood, etc.

Question 49

Cognitive Characteristics

Answer 49

Relate to the function of the brain Attention span, memory, problem solving skills, etc.

Question 50

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Answer 50

Stems from the original learning of the behaviour Aims to change thought patterns, attitudes, conscious and unconscious beliefs and behaviour