Learning

Question 1

relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

it is demonstrated by changes in behavior, but it is a mental process

Answer 2

Learning

Question 3

According to cognitive psychologists, it is may be a mental change that may not be associated with changes in behavior.

Answer 3

Learning

Question 4

It is a simple type of learning that exhibits by infants

Answer 4

Habituation

Question 5

it is a decrese in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

Answer 5

Habituation

Question 6

Permits us to ignore things that have stopped providing new information

Answer 6

Habituation

Question 7

developed the framework for learning called “Classical Conditioning”

Answer 7

Ivan Pavlov

Question 8

Russian Physiologist

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

he won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his on digestion

Answer 9

Ivan Pavlov

Question 10

It is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

Answer 10

Classical Conditioning

Question 11

A simple form of associative learning that enables organisms to anticipate events

Answer 11

Classical Conditioning

Question 12

Components in Classical Conditioning

Answer 12

Before Stimulus
- Neutral Stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- Unconditioned Response (UCR)
After Conditioning
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 13

It is a simple automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli

Answer 13

Reflex

Question 14

an environmental condition that evokes a response from an organism

Answer 14

Stimulus

Question 15

Pavlov discovered that reflexes can also be learned through _____

Answer 15

Association

Question 16

These are learned reflexes

Answer 16

Conditioned Responses (CR)

Question 17

the process by which a CS lose the ability to elicit CRs because the CS is no longer paired with the US

Answer 17

Extinction

Question 18

Basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

Answer 18

Extinction

Question 19

The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

Answer 19

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 20

Recovery of a CR after extinction. A function of the passage of time

Answer 20

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 21

___ and ___ help us adapt by updating our expectations about the changing environment

Answer 21

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Question 22

the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Answer 22

Generalization

Question 23

organisms must learn that:

Many stimuli perceived as being similar are functionally different.

The organism must respond adaptively to each

Answer 23

Discrimination

Question 24

a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

Answer 24

Stimulus Generalization

Question 25

the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not the ability to differentiate between stimuli

Answer 25

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 26

In Higher Order Conditioning a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as a learned or CS after being paired repeatedly with a stimulus that has already become learned

Answer 26

Higher Order Conditioning

Question 27

A pleasant stimulus is repeatedly paired with a fear-evoking object, thereby conteracting the fear response

Answer 27

Counterconditioning

Question 28

the client is exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished

Answer 28

Flooding

Question 29

______ is usually effective but unpleasant

Answer 29

Flooding

Question 30

the client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which they remain relaxed

Answer 30

Systematic Desensitization

Question 31

A response is strengthened in a particular situation by a reward (stamped in)

Answer 31

The Law of Effect

Question 32

The Law of Effect

Answer 32

Edward L. Thorndike

Question 33

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Answer 33

Operant Conditioning

Question 34

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Answer 34

Law of Effect

Question 35

used to study operant conditioning. laboratory rats learn to press the lever in order to obtain food, which is delivered in the tray

Answer 35

Skinner Box

Question 36

Historical Contributions

Answer 36

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Question 37

Any stimulus which increases the probability that responses preceding it will be repeated serves as a ____

Answer 37

Reinforcer

Question 38

Increase the probability of a behavior will occur when applied

Answer 38

Positive Reinforcers

Question 39

Increase the probability of a behavior when removed

Answer 39

Negative Reinforcers

Question 40

are effective because of an organism’s biological makeup

Answer 40

Primary Reinforcers

Question 41

acquire their value through being associated with established reinforcers. Sometimes called conditioned reinforcers

Answer 41

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 42

occurs as a result of repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

Answer 42

Extinction

Question 43

occurs in operant conditioning. The reward returns and the behavior increases

Answer 43

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 44

known by their effects

Answer 44

Reinforcers

Question 45

are known by how they feel

Answer 45

Rewards and Punishment

Question 46

occurs as a result of repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

Answer 46

Extinction

Question 47

occurs in operant conditioning. The reward returns and the behavior increases in Operant Conditioning

Answer 47

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 48

A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Answer 48

Punishment

Question 49

Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

Answer 49

Schedules of Reinforcement

Question 50

A schedule in which behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs

Answer 50

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Question 51

Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

Answer 51

Partial (or intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

Question 52

a schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

Answer 52

Fixed-ratio Schedule

Question 53

a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number

Answer 53

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 54

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed

Answer 54

Fixed-interval Schedule

Question 55

A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

Answer 55

Variable-interval Schedule

Question 56

the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 56

Shaping

Question 57

a technique whose goal is to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors and decrease the incidence of unwanted ones

Answer 57

Behavior modification

Question 58

an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

Answer 58

Cognitive Learning Theory

Question 59

Learning un which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

Answer 59

Latent Learning

Question 60

Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model

Answer 60

Observational Learning