learning Flashcards
(28 cards)
learning
a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism’s behaviour or capabilities
nonassociative learning
A form of learning that involves a change in the magnitude of and elicited response with repetition of the eliciting stimulus.
associative learning
A form of learning that involves making connections between stimuli and behavioral responses.
social learning
learning by instruction or observing how others behave
hibitutation
a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
sensitisation
an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
when is sensitization more potent than habituation
when aroused
when is habituation more potent than sensitization
when relaxed
Classical Conditioning
a process in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response that originally was elicited only by the other stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that produces a reflexive response without prior learning.
Unconditioned response (UR)
The response that is automatically generated by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditions stimulus (CS)
A stimulus that has no prior positive or negative association but comes to elicit a response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response (CR)
A response that occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus after an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus is learned.
aqusition
The initial learning of an association between the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli during classical conditioning.
generalisation
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, so that learning is not tied to narrowly to a specific stimulus.
discrimination
Learning to respond to a particular stimulus but not similar stimuli, thus preventing overgeneralizations.
extincition
a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials
operant conditioning
An active form of learning by which an association is made between a stimulus and a voluntary response
Instrumental Learning
the process by which animals utilize trial and error to achieve the desired outcome
Delayed reinforcement
Future consequences have less potency then consequences that are immediate
Premack principle
using a more valued activity can reinforce the performance of a less valued activity
Preparedness:
through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others
Conditioned Taste Aversion
a conditioned response in which the taste, sight, and/or smell of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive
