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MCAT: Behavioral Sciences > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response.

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

~The recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.
~When a second stimuli intervenes, causing desensitization to the original stimulus.
~Causes an increase in the original stimulus.

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

~Creation of a pairing, or association, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning/ Acquisition

A

~Takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.
~Unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned response, neutral stimuli, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response.

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5
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Any stimulus that brings a reflexive response.

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6
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Innate or reflexive response.

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7
Q

Extinction

A

~If the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus.
~When the bell rings without the presence of food, the dog may stop salivating.

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8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

If an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited.

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9
Q

Generalization

A

~A stimulus similar enough too the conditioned stimulus can also produce a conditioned response.
~Little Albert

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

An organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimulus.

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11
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors.

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12
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior.

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13
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increases behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive.

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14
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

They increase a behavior by removing something unpleasant.

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15
Q

Escape Learning

A

The role of behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists.

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16
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

Prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

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17
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

A treat that the organism responds to it naturally

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18
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer/ Secondary Reinforcer

A

Like a click in aquariums

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19
Q

Discriminative Reinforcer

A

The trainer that har the clicker.

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20
Q

Punishment

A

Reduces the presence of the behavior.

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21
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adds an unpleasant consequenceina response to a behavior to reduce that behavior.

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22
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Reduction of behavior by removing stimulus.

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23
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

Fixed-Ratio, Variable-Ratio, Fixed-Interval and Variable-Interval

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24
Q

Fixed-Ratio

A

Reinforces behavior after specific amount of times.

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25
Q

Variable-Ratio

A

~Resistant to extinction.
~Reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.

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26
Q

Fixed-Interval

A

Reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed.

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27
Q

Variable-Interval

A

Reinforces a behavior the first time that the behavior is performed after a varying interval of time.

28
Q

Fixed Schedules

A

Have a brief moment of no response after the behavior is reinforced

29
Q

Shaping

A

The process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors.

30
Q

Latent Learning

A

~Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.
~Complete the task and gets rewarded Ince its completed.

31
Q

Problem Solving

A

~Humans and chimpanzees tend to use problem solving instead of trial and error
~Step back, observe the situation, and take the decisive action to solve the challenges they face.

32
Q

Preparedness

A

~Nature abilities. Instincts.

~So its easy to teach birds how to peck because they are already wired to do that.

33
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

~Can’t mess with food-gathering instincts.

34
Q

Observational Learning

A

Process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.

35
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

~Located in the frontal and parietal lobes.
~Fires when individual performs the acton and when the individual observes someone else doing it.
~Related to empathy and vicarious emotions

36
Q

Modeling

A

~An important factor in determining an individuals behavior throughout his or her lifetime.
~People learn what behaviors are acceptable by watching others perform them.

37
Q

Encoding

A

The process of putting new information into memory.

38
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Gained without effort.

39
Q

Controlled/ Effortful Processing

A

~You need effort in order to know them.

~This can become automatic

40
Q

Visual Encoding

A

~Weakest.

~Visual

41
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

~Store the way to sounds.

42
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

~Second strongest

~Put it into a meaningful context.

43
Q

Self-reference

A

~Strongest.

~When we put it into a context of our own lives.

44
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

The repetition a piece on information to either keep it within working memory (to prevent forgetting) or to store it in short-term and eventually into long-term

45
Q

Mnemonics

A

EX: Very Much Hungry (Ventromedial hypothalamus)

46
Q

Methods of Loci

A

~Involves associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized.
~Eggs in the hallway, milk spilling in hallway is an example.

47
Q

Peg-word

A

System associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers.

48
Q

Chunking/ Clustering

A

~Involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meanings.

49
Q

Sensory Memory

A

~Lats a very short time
~Fades very quickly
~Iconic –> visual
~Echoic –> auditory

50
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

~Disappears 30 seconds without rehearsal.
~Limited to about 7 items.
~Can be increased by cluttering information.
~Housed primarily in the hippocampus.

51
Q

Worming Memory

A

~Integrates attention and function
~Simple math in our heads.
~Frontal and parietal

52
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

~Hippocampus, but very long term goes to the cortex.
~Elaborative rehearsal
~Explicit and implicit memory

53
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

The association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory

54
Q

Implicit Memory

A

~Unconscious
~Skill and conditioned responses.
~Procedural/ Nondeclerative memory –> Skills and tasks

55
Q

Explicit Memory

A

~Require conscious recall
~Conscious
~Declarative memory –> facts and events.

56
Q

Declarative Memories

A

~Episodic –> Events and experiences

~Semantic –> Facts and concepts.

57
Q

Retrival

A

~The process of demonstration that something that has been learned has been retained.

58
Q

Recall

A

The retrieval and statement of previously learned information.

59
Q

Recognition

A

Process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned

60
Q

Relearning

A

~Previously stored information is recalled quicker.

61
Q

Spacing Effect

A

~The longer the amount of time between sessions of learning, the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning.
~This explains why cramming is not that effective.

62
Q

Semantic Network

A

Concepts are linked together on similar meaning.

63
Q

Spreading Activation

A

One word can bringup similar words with similar meanings.

64
Q

Priming

A

Recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is closed to the desired semantic memory.

65
Q

Context Effects

A

Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

MCAT: Behavioral Sciences (3 decks)

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