Learning definitions

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

A simple form of learning that occurs through repeated pairing and association of two (or more) different stimuli.

Question 2

What is the neural stimulus? (NS)

Answer 2

The name given to the stimulus that produces no specific response (before it becomes conditioned)

Question 3

What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 3

Any stimulus which consistently produces a specific reflexive (naturally occurring, bodily), automatic response.

Question 4

What is the unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 4

The response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.

Question 5

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

Is the stimulus which was neutral at the start of conditioning. A stimulus that is paired with the UCS, that after learning, now produces a specific response due to its continued association with the UCS.

Question 6

What is the conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

The behaviour, which is identical to that of the UCR, but is caused by the CS alone after CC is complete.

Question 7

What is the before conditioning sentence?

Answer 7

Before conditioning the neutral stimulus (NS) of the ___ does not elicit any specific response and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of the ____ produces the unconditioned response (UCR) of _____ due to the _____.

Question 8

What is the during conditioning sentence?

Answer 8

During conditioning there are repeated pairings of the NS presented immediately prior to the UCS to produce the UCR.

Question 9

What is the after conditioning sentence?

Answer 9

After conditioning the NS has become the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) of the _____ and now alone can produce the Conditioned Response (CR) of ____ due to the _____.

Question 10

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 10

We learn by forming a three-way association between a stimulus, a response, and the consequence of a response.

Question 11

What is the sentence for OC?

Answer 11

This consequence acted as (pos/neg rei/pun) because the learner was given/lost something desired/undesired which acted to increase/decrease the likelihood that the desired/undesired behaviour would be repeated in future.

Question 12

What is a reinforcement?

Answer 12

Applying a positive stimulus or removing a negative stimulus to subsequently strengthen a particular response that the reinforcement followed.

Question 13

What is a reinforcer?

Answer 13

any stimulus (object or event) that increases the frequency of a response that it follow.

Question 14

Positive reinforcement?

Answer 14

Positive reinforcement occurs from giving or applying a positive reinforcer after a desired response is made.

Positive Reinforcer
PLUS something GOOD

A stimulus which strengthens a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying consequence

Examples:
Skinners experiment = food pellets
Money
Grades
Applause

Question 15

Negetive reinforcement?

Answer 15

Negative Reinforcement occurs from removing or avoiding an unpleasant situation.

Negative Reinforcer
MINUS something BAD

A stimulus that strengthens a response by the reduction, removal or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus

Examples:
Skinners experiment = electric shock removed
Taking Panadol for headache
Driving slow to avoid fine

Question 16

What is a punishment?

Answer 16

the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus following a response with the aim of decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.

Question 17

Positive punishment?

Answer 17

Positive punishment - the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus following an undesirable response
PLUS BAD

Question 18

Negative punishment?

Answer 18

Negative punishment – the removal of a pleasant stimulus following an undesired response
MINUS GOOD

Question 19

What are the three factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 19

1) order of presentation
2) timing
3) appropriateness

Question 20

Explain the three factors that influence the effectiveness of the consequence.

Answer 20

1) Order or Presentation
Must be presented after a behaviour
Helps to ensure organism learns the consequences of a particular behaviour.

2) Timing
Most effective when immediately after a behaviour
Helps to ensure organism associates the response with the reinforcer or punisher.
The length of delay effects the strength of the response (long delay = slower progression of learning.)

3) Appropriateness
A reinforcer must be pleasing or satisfying to the person
A punisher must be unpleasant or annoying to the person
Different reinforcers/punishers required in diff situations

Question 21

What learning techniques are a behaviorist approach?

Answer 21

Classical and Operant conditioning.

Question 22

What is the social cognitive approach of learning?

Answer 22

Observational learning.

Question 23

What is observational learning?

Answer 23

Observational learning occurs when someone uses observation of another person’s actions (the model) and their consequences to guide their future actions.

Question 24

Which learning is active or passive?

Answer 24

CC- passive
OC- active
OL- active

Question 25

What reason is there for someone to be more likely to imitate the behavior?

Answer 25

We are more likely to pay attention to models that are liked, familiar, and similar to us that are also attractive or successful and have a high status.

Question 26

What are the 5 elements of OL?

Answer 26

Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Reinforcement

Question 27

What does attention mean?

Answer 27

1) Attention: Actively watching the modeled behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour

Question 28

What does retention mean?

Answer 28

2) Retention: Remember what has been observed by forming a mental representation of what has been viewed and of the consequences.

Question 29

What does reproduction mean?

Answer 29

3) Reproduction: Be physically and intellectually capable of imitating the behaviour

Question 30

What does modivation mean?

Answer 30

4) Motivation: have some desire to imitate the behaviour

Question 31

What does reinforcement mean? OL.

Answer 31

5) Reinforcement: likelihood of performing the behaviour is strengthened if it results in a pleasurable outcome

Question 32

What does vicarious conditioning mean?

Answer 32

Vicarious Conditioning = individual watches another person displaying behaviour that is either reinforced or punished and then behaves in exactly the same way or refrains from the behaviour as a result of what they observed.

Question 33

What is a multimodal system?

Answer 33

Country is a multimodal system because each of the entities has its own way of knowing and of being known.

Question 34

What is the 8 ways of knowing framework?

Answer 34

8 ways of knowing framework is refers to the 8 interconnected ideas that work together in the learning process

Question 35

What are the 8 ways of knowing?

Answer 35

Community links: we bring knowledge home to help our mob Symbols and images: we keep and share knowledge with art and objects Non-verbal: we see, think, act, make, and share without words. Learning maps: we picture our pathways of knowledge Story sharing: we connect through stories we share Deconstruct/reconstruct: we work from wholes to parts, watching and then doing Non-linear: we put different ideas together and create new knowledge Land links: we learn with lessons, from land and nature

Question 36

What are the 3 main parts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders way of learning?

Answer 36

Country Kinship 8 ways of learning framework

Question 37

What is the discriminative stimulus?

Answer 37

discriminative stimulus is the antecedent stimulus that has stimulus control over behaviour because the behaviour was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past