Learning disorders

Question 1

What is the DSM-V criteria for intellectual disability?

Answer 1

DSM-V criteria:
A. Deficits in reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning and experiential learning confirmed by clinical assessment and individual, standardised intelligence testing.
B. And concurrent deficits in adaptive functioning that limit functioning in key areas of daily life like communication, social participation and independent living, and result in the individual failing to meet developmental and societal standards for personal independence and social responsibility without social supports in multiple environments.
C. With onset during the developmental period.

Question 2

Outline the pathophysiology of intellectual disability.

Answer 2

Pathophysiology: idiopathic (1/3), genetics, perinatal infections and toxins, post-natal causes (anoxia, infection, social deprivation as an infant), acquired conditions
• Down’s syndrome, fragile X syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome and phenylketonuria (PKU) are common aetiologies for moderate-severe ID
• Mild ID is often associated with a familial pattern

Question 3

Outline the treatment of intellectual disability.

Answer 3

• Prevention: abstain from ETOH during pregnancy, immunisations prior to pregnancy, nutrition supplements during pregnancy.
• Minimise causes: dietary restrictions in PKU
• Interventions to lessen the impact: early education, speech therapy, occupational therapy, family support, respite care