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learning intentions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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2
Q

Outline the stimulus response model in response to a stimulus

A

stimulus - receptors - control centre - effectors - response

bonus points - what are the effectors and the control centre?

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3
Q

Recall the role of different sensory receptors

A

Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and convert them into neural signals.

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4
Q

What are effectors?

A

Effectors are muscles or glands that respond to signals from the nervous system.

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5
Q

Identify the different sensory receptors

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
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6
Q

Distinguish between the CNS and PNS

A

CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of the brain and spinal cord; PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) includes all other neural elements.

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7
Q

Identify the function of the somatic nervous system

A

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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8
Q

Identify the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions.

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of a neuron

A

A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon, functioning to transmit electrical signals.

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10
Q

Distinguish between a sensory neuron, motor neuron and interneuron

A

Sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors; motor neurons send signals to muscles; interneurons connect neurons within the CNS.

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11
Q

Label a neuron components

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
  • Cell nucleus
  • Axon
  • Axon terminal
  • Myelin sheath
  • Direction of signal
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12
Q

Explain how messages are sent through a neuron

A

Messages are sent through a neuron via electrical impulses that travel along the axon.

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13
Q

Explain how messages are sent from one neuron to another

A

Messages are transmitted from one neuron to another through synapses using neurotransmitters.

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14
Q

Compare the reflex action with the stimulus-response model

A

Reflex actions are involuntary responses that occur more quickly than the stimulus-response model, bypassing the brain.

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15
Q

Describe the role of hormones

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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16
Q

Explain how hormones reach their target cells

A

Hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach specific target cells with matching receptors.

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17
Q

Recall the major endocrine glands and their position in the body

A
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
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18
Q

Contrast the nervous and endocrine systems

A

The nervous system uses electrical signals for fast communication; the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.

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19
Q

Outline the function of the hormones; insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, testosterone and oestrogen

A
  • Insulin: Lowers blood glucose levels
  • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose levels
  • Adrenaline: Prepares the body for fight-or-flight response
  • Testosterone: Regulates male reproductive functions
  • Oestrogen: Regulates female reproductive functions
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20
Q

Describe how blood glucose levels are regulated

A

Blood glucose levels are regulated by the actions of insulin and glucagon.

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21
Q

Explain the role of insulin and glucagon

A

Insulin decreases blood glucose levels; glucagon increases blood glucose levels.

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22
Q

Identify different types of microorganisms

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
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23
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.

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24
Q

Recall that antibiotics are effective against

A

Antibiotics are effective against bacteria.

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25
Explain how the first line defence prevents pathogens from entering the body
The first line of defense includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes that block pathogen entry.
26
Explain the function of inflammation, fever and phagocytes in the second line of defence
Inflammation increases blood flow to infected areas; fever raises body temperature to inhibit pathogens; phagocytes engulf and destroy invaders.
27
Explain the function of lymphocytes in the immune response
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that recognize pathogens and initiate an immune response.
28
Describe how antibodies kill pathogens
Antibodies bind to pathogens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
29
Explain how vaccination protects you against disease
Vaccination introduces a harmless form of a pathogen, prompting the immune system to produce memory cells for future protection.
30
Define the terms atom, element, compound and molecule
* Atom: Basic unit of matter * Element: Pure substance made of one type of atom * Compound: Substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded * Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together
31
Describe and model the structure of the atom
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals.
32
Describe the evidence that contributed to the model of the atom
Evidence includes experiments by Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, and Bohr regarding atomic structure.
33
Compare the mass and charge of protons, neutrons and electrons
* Protons: Mass = 1 amu, Charge = +1 * Neutrons: Mass = 1 amu, Charge = 0 * Electrons: Mass ≈ 0 amu, Charge = -1
34
Determine the atomic number and the mass number of an element
Atomic number = number of protons; Mass number = number of protons + neutrons.
35
Use the atomic number and mass number to identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons of an element
Protons = atomic number; Neutrons = mass number - atomic number; Electrons = protons in a neutral atom.
36
Identify the electron configuration of elements up to 18
Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
37
Define valence electrons
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons involved in chemical bonding.
38
Determine valence number using position within the periodic table
The valence number corresponds to the group number of an element in the periodic table.
39
Draw Lewis dot structures to represent valence electrons
Lewis dot structures use dots around the element symbol to represent valence electrons.
40
Identify groups and periods in the periodic table
Groups are vertical columns; periods are horizontal rows in the periodic table.
41
Identify the positions of metals, non-metals and metalloids in the periodic table
* Metals: Left side * Non-metals: Right side * Metalloids: Along the zig-zag line
42
Use groups to identify properties of elements
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties due to their valence electron configurations.
43
Compare reactivity of elements in the periodic table
Reactivity varies across the periodic table; alkali metals are highly reactive, while noble gases are inert.
44
Recall the diatomic elements
* H2 * N2 * O2 * F2 * Cl2 * Br2 * I2
45
Define transmutation
Transmutation is the conversion of one element into another through nuclear reactions.
46
Define isotopes
Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
47
Determine the number of neutrons in different isotopes
Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number.
48
Compare and contrast alpha, beta and gamma radiation
* Alpha radiation: Heavy, positively charged particles * Beta radiation: Light, negatively charged particles * Gamma radiation: High-energy electromagnetic waves
49
Write nuclear decay equations for alpha and beta decay
Alpha decay: A -> A-4 + He; Beta decay: A -> A + 1 + e-
50
Define half-life
Half-life is the time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
51
Determine half-life from a given graph
Half-life can be calculated by identifying the time it takes for the quantity to reduce to half its initial value.
52
Model radioactive decay and half-life
Radioactive decay can be modeled using graphs that show the decrease in quantity over time.
53
Investigate how radiocarbon has been used to establish that First Peoples of Australia have been present on the Australian Continent for more than 60,000 years
Radiocarbon dating measures the decay of carbon-14 to date organic materials.
54
Identify where applications of radioactivity are used in medicine and industry
* Cancer treatment * Medical imaging * Industrial radiography * Sterilization of medical equipment
55
Identify ionic and covalent compounds
* Ionic compounds: Formed by transfer of electrons * Covalent compounds: Formed by sharing of electrons
56
Identify what ion will form from an atom
An ion forms based on the number of valence electrons; atoms lose or gain electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
57
Recall the octet rule
The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have eight valence electrons.
58
Write formulas for ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are written by combining the symbols of the ions and balancing their charges.
59
Name ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are named by stating the cation first followed by the anion.
60
Write formulas for covalent compounds
Covalent compounds use prefixes to indicate the number of each atom in the formula.
61
Name covalent compounds
Covalent compounds are named using prefixes to denote the number of atoms present.
62
Explain the properties of ionic and covalent compounds
* Ionic compounds: High melting points, conduct electricity when dissolved * Covalent compounds: Lower melting points, do not conduct electricity
63
Identify reactants and products in chemical reactions
Reactants are substances that undergo change; products are substances formed as a result.
64
Use models and representations to show the rearrangement of atoms in chemical reactions
Models depict how atoms are rearranged to form new substances during reactions.
65
Compare the information provided by molecular models and word and balanced symbolic chemical equations
Molecular models visually represent molecules; equations provide quantitative information about reactants and products.
66
Write symbolic equations that are easy to balance
Symbolic equations represent the reactants and products in a chemical reaction, adhering to the law of conservation of mass.
67
Investigate chemical reactions in closed and open systems
Closed systems do not allow matter to enter or leave; open systems allow exchange with the environment.
68
Develop investigable questions to explore an explanatory model
Investigable questions should be specific, measurable, and relevant to the model being studied.
69
Propose a hypothesis to test an identified relationship
A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.
70
Use an electronic balance that measures within the parameters of the required mass
An electronic balance provides precise measurements of mass, crucial for accurate data recording.
71
Examine the degree of accuracy that different instruments provide
Different instruments vary in accuracy; for example, a pipette is more precise than a measuring cylinder.
72
Predict how ideas of green chemistry will affect the environment
Green chemistry aims to reduce harmful waste and energy use, leading to a more sustainable environment.
73
Examine why many manufacturers are adopting green chemistry processes
Manufacturers adopt green chemistry to minimize environmental impact and comply with regulations.
74
Identify the potential hazards of chemicals or biological materials
Potential hazards include toxicity, flammability, and environmental harm.
75
Discuss what is meant by ‘validity’
Validity refers to the accuracy and reliability of information or results in scientific research.
76
How can the validity of information in secondary sources be evaluated?
Validity can be evaluated by checking the source's credibility, methodology, and peer review status.

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