Learning, Memory, and Language Flashcards
Following bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to relieve severe epilepsy, H.M. was able to recall remote events, but he exhibited severe (1)________ amnesia and retrograde amnesia for (2) ________ events.
(1) anterograde
(2) recent
A number of areas of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. The (3) ________ lobes are essential for the storage and retrieval of long-term declarative memories; the (4) ________ is involved in memory consolidation and explicit memory; and the (5)________ attaches emotion to memory.
(3) temporal
(4) hyppocampus
(5) amygdala
In addition, the (6) ________ cortex plays a role in episodic memory, prospective memory, and working memory, while the (7)________, cerebellum, and motor cortex contribute to procedural and implicit memory.
(6) prefrontal
(7) basal ganglia
At the neural level, (8)________ in the hippocampus is believed to be important for long-term memory. There is also evidence that long-term memory depends on increased (9)________ during the minutes or hours following training. When the synthesis of protein or (10)________ is inhibited at the time of training, long-term memory is impaired.
(8) long-term potentiation
(9) protein synthesis
(10) RNA
Damage to the Broca’s area produces (1)_________ aphasia. People with this disorder speak slowly and with difficulty and their speech is poorly (2)________, but they usually have little to no difficulty (3)________ language.
(1) Broca’s (expressive, motor, nonfluent)
(2) articulated
(3) comprehending
Damage to the Wernicke’s area results in (4)________ aphasia. People with this form of disorder speak rapidly and effortlessly but their speech is usually (5)________, and they have trouble understanding written and spoken language.
(4) Wernicke’s (receptive, sensory, fluent)
(5) devoid of content (meaningless)
(6) ________ aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and involves (7)________ (an inability to name a familiar object, attribution, or action), paraphasia, and impaired repitition.
(6) conduction
(7) anomia
(8) ________ aphasia is caused by lesions that isolate Broca’s area and/or Wernicke’s area from other regions of the brain, while (9) ________ aphasia is caused by widespread injury involving Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas as well as other areas in the left frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.
(8) transcortical
(9) global
Question ID #14120: An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:
Select one:
A.Experience episodes of unprovoked aggressiveness and rage
B.Forget events that occur after the accident that caused the damage
C.Have trouble falling asleep at night
D.Exhibit “pseudodepression”
The correct answer is B.
The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory. The hippocampus is responsible for memory consolidation, and damage produces impairments in the ability to transfer information from short-to long-term memory.
Answer A: Someone with damage to their hippocampus would not experience aggressiveness or rage.
Answer C: The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation during sleep but does not regulate sleep-wake cycles.
Answer D: This answer is more consistent with damage to other areas of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex.
Question ID #14121: The ___________ are (is) essential for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories, with the right and left lobes serving somewhat different functions.
Select one:
A.temporal lobes
B.thalamus
C.amygdala
D.hippocampus
The correct answer is A.
The temporal lobes are essential for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories, with the right and left lobes serving somewhat different functions.
Answer B: The thalamus is involved in processing incoming information and transferring it to the cortex.
Answer C: The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning and adding emotional significance to memories.
Answer D: The hippocampus is responsible for consolidating long-term declarative memories (transferring information from short-term to long-term memory) but not for the subsequent storage of those memories.
Question ID #14122: The __________, cerebellum, and motor cortex contribute to procedural and implicit memory.
Select one:
A.amygdala
B.prefrontal cortex
C.basal ganglia
D.thalamus
The correct answer is C.
The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex play a role in procedural memory (e.g., memory for sensorimotor skills) and implicit (unconscious, nonintentional) memory.
Answers A, B, and D: These structures are not directly associated with procedural and implicit memory.
Question ID #14123: Damage to the arcuate fasciculus can produce _____________.
Select one:
A.transcortical aphasia
B.conduction aphasia
C.global aphasia
D.frontal lobe
The correct answer is B.
Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area are connected by the arcuate fasciculus, and damage to this structure can produce conduction aphasia. This disorder does not significantly affect language comprehension but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition.
Answer A: Transcortical aphasia is caused by lesions outside Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas that disconnect these areas from other regions of the brain.
Answer C: Global aphasia is caused by widespread brain injury involving Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas as well as other areas in the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes and is characterized by extensive disruption in the ability to produce and understand language.
Answer D: This is too general of a response - damage to the frontal lobe can include loss of movement, difficulty performing tasks that require a sequence of movements, trouble with speech or language, etc.
Question ID #14124: Individuals with this form of aphasia may be able to say a few words and produce automatic speech (especially emotional exclamations)?
Select one:
A.global aphasia
B.associative aphasia
C.Wernicke’s aphasia
D.mixed transcortical aphasia
The correct answer is A.
Global aphasia is caused by widespread brain injury involving Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas as well as other areas in the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes and is characterized by extensive disruption in the ability to produce and understand language. Individuals with this form of aphasia may be able to say a few words and produce automatic speech (especially emotional exclamations).
Answer B: Conduction (associative) aphasia does not significantly affect language comprehension but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition.
Answer C: Wernicke’s aphasia (also known as receptive, impressive, sensory, and fluent aphasia) is caused by damage to Wernicke’s area. Individuals have trouble understanding written and spoken language and generating meaningful language.
Answer D: Individuals with mixed transcortical aphasia are able to talk but have nothing to say and are unable to understand written and spoken language. They can, however, produce automatic responses (such as singing familiar songs) and repeat words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others.
