Learning, Memory & Forgetting Flashcards
(22 cards)
what are the 3 function of memory?
- allows us to store facts and derive others as needed
- relate new events to prior knowledge to understand the,
- deliver relevant knowledge when it is needed
what are the different types of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
- procedural memory
what is episodic memory
specific details of event/episodes - e.g. breakfast
what is semantic memory
our ability to store facts and categories
what is procedural memory
memory regarding skills e.g., learning to walk/type
what are the basic memory processes
- encoding
- storing
- retrieval
what is the multi-store model
- sensory stores (stuff that you don’t pay attention to leave through decay)
- short-term store (info not rehearsed go from displacements)
- long-term store (interference)
what does the sensory memory/store do?
holds a lot of inout from our senses but can only process so much = attention is needed for that info to go to the short-term memory store
what are the 2 key characteristics of short-term store
- limited capacity
2. fragility of storage
what evidence is there that the STS has limited capacity
miller (1956) - people remember 7 +/- chunks of information
+
Jacob (1887) - 443 females (a: 8-19) could remember 7.3 letters and 9.3 words
what evidence is there that the STS has fragility of storage - decay & interference
interference effect - proactive or retroactive
postman (1960) - retroactive.
list of words with paired words were handed to ppts (e.g., cat-jelly). A second list was given to manipulation group and the pair word changed. the CG did not get a second list.
all ppts were asked to recall the words on the first list = CG more accurate, little interference
criticism of store-house model
working memory model - ST consists of stuff more than just “storage” - able to work out complex tasks and multi-task
Baddeley & Hitch (1974) - working memory
3 different components
- Phonological loop: deals with the rehearsal and retention of verbal phonetic information
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad: deals with retnetion of visual information
- Central executive: supervises and regulates info in WM. allocates resources to tasks
Baddeley (2001)
- phonological loop
- Episodic buffer *** = holds and integrates diverse information
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Central executive
when can we use two working memory components e.g., phonological loop (listening) and visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual like doodling)
they use separate working memory components = less competition for mental resources
however, there is decline in performance, but not to the same extent
what are the 2 components of the phonological loop?
- phonological store (holds acoustic/speech-based info for about 2 secs)
- articulatory control process = process which produces ‘inner speech’
phonological loop - 2 seconds: word length effect
Baddeley, 1975: subject asked to recall sets of words in the correct oder = better with shorter words as they could recall it within 2 sec compared to longer words
what two system ate the central executive supported by?
- phonological loop
2. visuospatial sketchpad
the forgetting curve
Ebbinghaus found that forgetting is initially rapid and then slows down
what is cue-dependent forgetting?
forgetting that occurs because we lack the appropriate cues
cued vs free recall
cued was better at recalling words (reference?)
Atkinson and Shiffin’s (1968) - multi-store model of memory
- the sensory store
- short-term store (limited capacity, fragility of storage)
- long-term
