Learning Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Is the scientific study of the structure or morphology of organisms and their parts.
2
Q
Physiology
A
Is the scientific study of the functions or processes of living things.
3
Q
Systemic Physiology
A
Is the study of body systems
4
Q
Cellular Physiology
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Is the study of individual cells and how they work
5
Q
Immunology
A
Is the study of the body’s defense mechanisms
6
Q
Pharmacology
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Is the study of drug action in the body
7
Q
Six levels of organization of the human body
A
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, total organism
8
Q
Integumentary System
A
Covers and protects body; regulates temperature
9
Q
Skeletal System
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Provides body framework and support; protects; attaches muscles to bones; provides calcium storage
10
Q
Muscular System
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Produces movement; maintains posture; provides heat
11
Q
Nervous System
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Coordinates body activities; receive and transmits stimuli
12
Q
Endocrine System
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Regulates metabolic activities and body chemistry
13
Q
Cardiovascular System
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Transports material from one part of the body to another; defends against disease
14
Q
Lymphatic System
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Returns tissue fluid to the blood; defends against disease
15
Q
Digestive System
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Ingests and digests food; absorbs nutrients into blood
16
Q
Respiratory System
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Exchanges gases between blood and external environment
17
Q
Urinary System
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Excretes metabolic wastes; regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance
18
Q
Reproductive System
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Forms new individuals to provide continuation of the human species
19
Q
Homeostasis
A
The constant internal environment that must be maintained for the cells of the body
20
Q
Stressor
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Any condition or stimulus that disrupts the homeostatic balance in the body
21
Q
Negative Feedback
A
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
22
Q
Positive Feedback
A
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
23
Q
Anatomical Position
A
erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward
24
Q
Superior
A
Above or higher on the body, nearer to the head
25
Inferior
Below or lower on the body, closer to the feet
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Anterior
toward the front
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Posterior
toward the back
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Medial
Toward, or nearer, the midline of the body
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Lateral
Means toward, or nearer, away from the midline
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Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
32
Superficial
on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow
33
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
34
Visceral
Pertains to internal organs or the covering of the organs.
35
Parietal
pertaining to the wall of a body cavity
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Sagittal Plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
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Midsagittal Plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
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Transverse Plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
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Frontal Plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
40
Coronal Plane
This is another term that is the same as Frontal plane, it divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
41
Dorsal Cavity
includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
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Ventral Cavity
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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Nine abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
46
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Element
Simplest form of matter; it cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means
48
Atom
the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element, and it is almost unbelievably small
49
Compound
Formed when two or more different types of atoms chemically combine in a definite, or fixed, ratio to form a new substance that is different from any of the original atoms
50
Basic components of an atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
51
Electrolytes
Substances that break up, or dissociate, in solution to form charged particles, or ions
52
Examples of electrolytes
sodium, potassium, chloride
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Acid
proton donor
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Base
proton acceptor
55
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
56
pH
potential of hydrogen
57
Organic Compounds found in the body
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate
58
Carbohydrates
Are any of a large group of compounds(including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken down to release energy in the body
59
Proteins
Are formed from amino acids linked together by peptide bonds; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, usually sulfur, and often phosphorous. The primary functions of proteins include building and repairing of body tissues, regulation of body processes and formation of enzymes and hormones.
60
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are insoluble in water but will dissolve in solvents such as alcohol and ether. Lipids help with brain function, joint mobilization and even energy production.
61
Identify the various components of a cell
See photo for illustration
62
Organells
tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell
63
Cell Membrane
A cell structure that is selectively permeable that separates the extracellular material from the intracellular material
64
Cytoplasm
The gel-like fluid inside the cell, is largely water with a variety of solutes and has organelles suspended in it
65
What are solutes?
dissolved substances
66
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
67
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
68
Mitochondria
Are enclosed by a double membrane and are known as the "power plants" of the cell
69
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is a series of membranous channels that function in the transport of molecules
70
What is the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER has ribosomes covering the organelle while smooth ER does not.
71
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum transport?
Proteins
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What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum transport?
Certain lipids
73
Golgi Apparatus
A series of 4-6 flattened sacs that connects to the endoplasmic reticulum and it's function is to modify and transport proteins out of the cell
74
Lysosomes
Membrane enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes and its function is to destroy cellular debris and destroy worn out cell parts
75
Centrioles
Located in the centrosome, near the nucleus and helps to organize cell division
76
Cilia
Short, hairlike projections that move substances across the surface of a cell
77
Flagella
Are long, threadlike, projections that move the cell
78
How does the cell membrane control the composition of the cytoplasm?
By regulating movement of substances through the membrane by means of diffusion, osmosis, or filtration
79
Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to lower concentration
80
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Filtration
Movement of a fluid through a membrane by pressure
82
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells
83
Chromosomes in Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis-46; Meiosis-23
84
Histology
study of tissues
85
The four main types of tissues in the body are
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
86
Epithelial Tissue
Consist of tightly packed cells with little intercellular matrix; they have one free surface, are avascular, and reproduce readily
87
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
To cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within body cavities
88
What are the shapes of epithelial tissues and what is the arrangement of layers?
Squamous, cubital, or columnar, and they may be arranged in single or multiple layers
89
Connective Tissue
Has an abundance of intracellular matrix with relatively few cells and and has strong and flexible elastic fibers
90
What are examples of connective tissue?
Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
91
What is the function of connective tissue?
Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs.
92
Muscle Tissue
Has an abundance of cells and is highly vascular
93
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
94
What is the function of muscle tissue?
produce movement
95
Nerve Tissue
a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body
96
List the four characteristics of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain
97
How do the four manifestations of inflammation develop?
Blood vessel dilation increases blood flow to the area that causes the redness and heat. Increased vascular permeability results in an accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces, which accounts for the swelling. The swelling puts pressure on the nerves to cause pain.
98
Regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
99
Fibrosis
Replacement of destroyed tissue by formation of fibrous connective tissue(scar tissue)
100
Mucous Membranes
Are epithelial membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside, such as the mouth, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and respiratory tract; they secrete mucus for protection and lubrication
101
Serous membranes
Are epithelial membranes that line body cavities that do not open to the outside and also cover the organs within these cavities
102
Synovial Membrane
Are connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities and secrete a synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication
103
Meninges
Are connective tissue membranes around the brain and spinal cord
