Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy 1 > Learning OBJ study guide- module 1 > Flashcards

Learning OBJ study guide- module 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Name the bones of the axial
skeleton:

A

Skull, vertebral column & rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the components &
functions of the axial
skeleton:

A

Skull: Protect the brain & support structures of the face, Vertebral Column:
Protect spinal cord & support the body. Rib Cage: Protect the
lungs/heart/organs & support the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the bones that
comprise the appendicular
skeleton:

A

All bones except for the skull, vertebral column & rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name & describe the
functional joint types:

A

Synarthrosis: Fixed joint (suture in the head or gomphosis in the teeth)
Diarthrosis: Mobile joint (temporomandibular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the typical & special
elements of a typical
synovial joint:

A

Typical: Proximal/distal bone, articular cartilage, capsule, ligaments,
synovial membrane & synovial fluid
Special: Fibrocartilage, meniscus, articular disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the following
basic anatomical planes:
axial/transverse/horizontal,
sagittal & coronal.

A

Coronal: Divides the body into a front & back/anterior & posterior (person
would step to the right or left for a coronal movement)
Sagittal: Divides the body into a left & right/medial & lateral (person
would step forward for sagittal movement)
Horizontal: Divides the body into a top & bottom/superior & inferior
(person would step into a rotation for horizontal movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the superficial
components of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the functions of deep
fascia

A

Sliding, guiding, suspension, force transmission, neurovascular wrapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Discriminate between the
location, type of activity, &
type of stimulation for each
muscle type: skeletal,
cardiac, & smooth

A

Skeletal: found in limb muscles or back muscles, voluntary activities
activate these muscles (somatic) - Cardiac: found in the heart, involuntary (autonomic) activities
activate these muscles
Smooth muscle is found around the organs/deep tissue (blood
vessels, villi, arrector pilli), involuntary (autonomic) activities
activate these muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the blood & nerve
supply of muscle

A

Blood supply: Supplied by arteries (one large artery that usually
branches off into smaller arteries) - Nerve supply: Within the deep surface of the muscle, has multiple
branches, & middle of fascicle length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the convention
used in muscle attachment
terminology

A

Typical terminology: Origin: muscle attachment to immovable or less
movable bone
Insertion: attachment to a moveable bone therefore when muscles contract
the insertion moves towards the origin
This class muscle attachments will be referenced as proximal (more
superior) & distal (more inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the parts of a
neuron & how they differ
between sensory & motor
neurons

A

All neurons contain dendrites, a cell body (with a nucleus), an axon
& a synapse. There are different types of neurons associated with
motor versus sensory information. Efferent neurons are associated
with motor information, while afferent neurons are associated with
sensory information. - Motor neurons are multipolar & have their cell body within the
Central Nervous System, while sensory neurons as pseudounipolar,
& have their cell body within the Peripheral Nervous System.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the meningeal layers
of the spinal cord

A

he meningeal layers of the spinal cord are thin flat coverings that
protect & nourish the central nervous system. They consist of - from
most superficial to most deep - the dura mater, the arachnoid mater,
& the pia mater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure of a
typical peripheral nerve

A

The peripheral nerve is made up of many axons within fascicles.
These axons are a mix of larger afferent & smaller efferent. The
perineurium is protective connective tissue that surrounds the
fascicle which creates the ‘bundle’, while the epineurium is a
protective connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the basic features of
the cranial nerves

A

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that exit via the foramina. They
are located within the brain & correlate to the sensory & motor
dynamics of the human face (smell, sound, blinking, taste, etc).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain how ventral rami
form plexuses & how this
varies by body region

A

Ventral rami form plexuses aka spinal nerves that converge into a
group in order to supply the extremities with adequate nerves. This
varies by body region, as the cervical plexus in the neck region is
spread out between 6 vertebrae, the brachial plexus in the arm
region is only made up of 4 vertebrae in length, the intercostal
nerves do not have plexuses in the thoracic region, the lumbar
plexus is spread out between 4 vertebrae & the sacral plexus is
spread out between 6 vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define the terms
dermatome & myotome

A

Dermatome: An area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal
root. - Myotome: A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
root.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Distinguish the term
cutaneous nerve
distribution from
dermatome

A

The cutaneous nerve distribution is a clinically supported
distribution of nerves based on cadaver dissections & clinical
findings. It is similar to the dermatome map only for the intercostal
nerves. It refers to the specific area of skin supplied by a single
peripheral nerve, while a dermatome map shows the skin area
innervated by a single spinal nerve. - The dermatome map is only a composition of clinical observations, it
is not an exact science, as there is no way to experiment with this (as
it would be immoral), so the map will always vary. Dermatomes split
the body into specific sections based on spinal nerve education.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the functional
organization of the nervous
system by naming the
characteristics of the
somatic NS & autonomic NS

A

The autonomic nervous system has lateral horns along with ventral
& dorsal horns within the spine; there are then two roots; the dorsal
& ventral; that split off from the spine. The ventral root carries the
cell bodies; which are stored in the grey matter; of the presynaptic
neurons towards the brain. There is a dorsal root ganglion within the
dorsal root, similar to in the somatic NS. The mixed spinal nerve
receives these presynaptic neurons, & transports them into the
sympathetic chain ganglion to the sympathetic chain, where they
become postsynaptic neurons. The sympathetic chain stores these
postsynaptic neurons & spreads them to the dorsal ramus & ventral
ramus, where they then spread into the body (dorsal to back, ventral
to front). - The somatic nervous system only has ventral & dorsal horns within
the spine & the ventral horn stores motor somas (cell bodies). These
horns then split into their respective ventral & dorsal roots, the
ventral root carries the motor somas away from the spine towards
the mixed spinal nerve. The dorsal root has a dorsal ganglion, which
is where the sensory somas (cell bodies) are stored. These somas
begin their journey towards the mixed spinal nerve & combine with
the motor somas once there, & continue mixed through the dorsal
ramus & ventral ramus, where they all spread to the back (dorsal)
side of the body & all other areas (ventral).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Discriminate between
pulmonary & systemic
circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation: Movement of blood through the lungs
* Systemic circulation: Movement of blood from the lungs through
the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe tunica intima,
tunica media, tunica
adventitia (vessels of the
veins/arteries)

A

Tunica Intima: Thin endothelium, facilitates passive diffusion
through the vessel, most deep
* Tunic Media: Smooth muscle layer of the vessel
* Tunica Adventitia: Collagen covering, dense protective layer, most
superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Discriminate between
different types of arteries:
large elastic, medium
muscular, small & arterioles

A

Large elastic: Conducting, higher pressure
* Medium muscular: The second most branches off of the large
arteries
* Small arteries: The small branching off of the medium muscular,
which then feed into the smaller arterioles
* Arterioles: The smallest arteries, regulate blood flow to tissue
capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the typical
branching pattern of
arteries including terminal
branches & end arteries

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, they start as large
main vessels & branch out to be smaller. Terminal arteries are the end
arteries, a true terminal artery has no anastomoses (no connection with
neighboring arteries), a functional end artery has anastomoses that exist
(has connections with neighboring arteries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain arterial anastomosis

A

Allows collateral circulation in the case of blocked blood flow (takes an
alternative artery to the same place) (not effective or apparent in all body
parts ex. calf)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the typical drainage pattern of veins
Large veins receive smaller tributaries that empty into them, many veins arise from the union of two or more other veins
26
Describe the relation of veins to arteries in the extremities
Two or more veins surround a single artery, this occurs in the extremities
27
Describe the composition & function of the musculovenous pump, accompanying veins & venous valves
Musculovenous pump is a expanding muscle bellies that are limited by tight facsia, helps with venous return, reflux is prevented by venous valves which provide superior ejection.
28
Describe the composition of lymph & where it comes from
*Composition: Blood plasma, cell debris, fats from the GI tract * Comes from the GI tract
29
Describe the composition & function of lymphatic plexus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
* Lymphatic Plexus: A network of lymphatic vessels & capillaries that is part of the lymphatic system (collect & transport lymph fluid) * Lymphatic Vessels: Thin walled, with valves & smooth muscle, directs lymph to the venous system * Lymph Nodes: Masses of tissue that filter lymph moving through the vessels
30
Explain the general pattern of lymphatic drainage in the body
- Superior Right Quadrant (Right head/neck, right upper extremity & right thorax): Drains into the right subclavian/internal jugular veins via the right lymphatic duct - Rest of the body: Drains into left subclavian/internal jugular veins via thoracic duct (cisterna chyli) - Superficial to
31
Discriminate between different types of veins: venules, venous plexus, medium & large
* Venules: Small veins that collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries & drain into larger veins which then return blood to the heart * Venous Plexus: A network of veins found in specific areas of the body, they are composed of multiple veins that interconnect & are involved in blood drainage from a particular region * Medium Veins: Found in limbs, prevent blood backflow, tunica adventitia is thicker than tunica media & does not have smooth muscle * Large Veins: Return blood to the heart, tunica adventitia contains smooth muscle
32
Sternum body landmarks that serve as attachments
manubrium and body: attachments for pec major
33
clavicle body landmarks that serve as muscle attachments
inferior surface: attachment for subclavius muscle anterior border: attachment for pectoralis major and deltoid Posterior border: attachment for trapezius
34
scapula bony landmarks that serve as muscle attachments
medial border: rhomboids superior angle: levator scapulae crest of spine: trapezius muscle coracoid process: pec major
35
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the Latissimus Dorsi
Action: adduction, extension, and medial rotation of humerus Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
36
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the levator scapulae
* Action: elevation & downward rotation of scapula * Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (sensory: direct branches of C3-4; C4-5)
37
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the pectoralis major
38
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the
* Action: humeral adduction, flexion, & medical rotation (sternocostal portion assists with extension of the flexed arm) * Innervation: lateral & medial pectoral nerves (clavicular head C5-7; sternocostal head C8-T1)
39
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the pectoralis minor
* Action: anterior tilt of scapula; assists with depression of the shoulder & forced inspiration * Innervation: medial & lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)
40
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the rhomboids
* Action: Scapular retraction, elevation (upper) & downward rotation * Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (sensory: direct branches of C3-4; C4-5)
41
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the Serratus anterior
* Actions: scapular protraction & upward rotation * Innervation: long thoracic nerve (C5-7)
42
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the subclavius
* Actions: depresses & stabilizes the clavicle * Innervation: subclavian nerve (C5-6)
43
Name the actions & innervations (including common spinal cord segments) for the trapezius
* Actions: scapular elevation (upper), depression (lower), retraction (middle), & upward rotation (upper & lower) * Innervation: accessory nerve (CN XI; motor) & C3-4 (sensory)
44
List the extrinsic (superficial & intermediate) back muscles
Superficial Layer * Trapezius * Latissimus Dorsi * Levator Scapulae * Rhomboids Intermediate * Serratus Posterior Superior * Serratus Posterior Inferior
45
List the intrinsic (superficial, intermediate, deep) back muscles
* Superficial layer * Splenius * Capitis * Cervicis * Intermediate Layer * Erector Spinae * Spinalis * Longissimus * Iliocostalis * Deep layer * Transversospinales * Semispinalis * Multifundus * Rotatores
46
List the structural components of a typical vertebra & describe their function
Vertebrae typically have a vertebral foramen, vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, spinous process, transverse process, & inferior/superior articular processes. The function of the vertebral foramen is to protect the spinal cord, the vertebral body is to support the weight of the body, the articular processes are to restrict movement, & the spinous processes are for muscle attachment & movement.
47
Discuss the changes in vertebrae with advancing age.
With age, there is a decrease in bone density in the vertebral body, the articular surfaces bow inward due to compression at the periphery. Then osteophytes form in response
48
Describe the components of the intervertebral disc.
The nucleus pulposus (center) & annulus pulposus (protective cross sectional layer
49
Describe posterolateral herniation of the intervertebral disc.
It is the most common form of herniation, it is when the nucleus pulposus leaks out posterior-laterally into the spinal nerve, through the broken annulus pulposus. This is partially due to the posterior longitudinal ligament
50
List the six ligaments of the spine & describe the motions they limit.
The anterior longitudinal ligament(extension), posterior longitudinal ligament(flexion), supraspinous ligaments(flexion), interspinous ligaments(flexion), ligamentum flavum(flexion) & intertransverse ligaments (lateral flexion)
51
Discuss the structure of the ligamentum nuchae & its function.
It is a strong fibrous band that functions to support the head & neck by resisting flexion.
52
Describe the organization, attachments, & innervation of the extrinsic most superficial layer
Trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, levator scapula. Superior attachments on the axial skeleton, distal attachments on the appendages. Innervation: Cranial nerve XI, ventral rami of spinal nerve
53
Describe the organization, attachments, & innervation of the extrinsic intermediate layer
Serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior. All attachments on the axial skeleton, innervated by the respective intercostal nerves.
54
Describe the organization, attachments, & innervation of the intrinsic most superficial layer
Splenius capitis & splenius cervicis. All attachments on the axial skeleton. Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerve
55
Describe the organization, attachments, & innervation of the intrinsic intermediate layer
Erector spinae group aka spinalis capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, longissimus capitis, longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, & iliocostalis cervicis. All attachments on the axial skeleton. Innervation: Lateral branch of the dosral rami of spinal nerve
56
Describe the organization, attachments, & innervation of the intrinsic deep
Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, & semispinalis cervisis, multifidus, rotatores longus & rotatores brevis. Innervated by dorsal rami.
57
Describe the organization, attachments, & innervation of the intrinsic deepest
Interspinalis & intertransversarii, innervated by dorsal rami, only purpose is for proprioception.
58
Describe the meningeal covering of the spinal cord.
Dura mater: Most superficial Arachnoid mater: Middle layer Pia mater: Most deep (thin layer, turns into denticulate ligament)
59
Identify the suboccipital muscles of the neck, their innervation, & function.
* All are innervated by the suboccipital nerve, formed by dorsal ramus of C1. * Rectus Capitis Posterior Major: It extends & rotates the head to the same side. * Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor: It also extends & rotates the head to the same side. * Obliquus Capitis Inferior (inferior obliques): It rotates the head to the same side.
60

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions