Learning Objectives:

Question 1

Describe the structure of the heart

Question 2

Outline the flow of blood through the heart and body

Question 3

Compare and contrast contraction in cardiac vs skeletal muscle and explain why action potentials in cardiac muscle are longer

Question 4

Describe the role of calcium during contraction of cardiac muscle

Question 5

Explain how auto rhythmic cells spontaneously generate action potentials

Question 6

Outline the sequence of excitation in the heart through the cardiac conduction system

Question 7

Explain what happens when the SA node is defective

Question 8

Describe how contraction of the heart is controlled extrinsically

Question 9

Describe the events seen in an ECG

Question 10

Identify irregular ECG readings and describe the effects of these irregularities

Question 11

Describe the cardiac cycle and interpret what is occurring at different stages on Wigger’s diagram

Question 12

Describe the function of the components of the circulatory system and identify where most of the blood can be found

Question 13

Define blood flow and explain the factors that determine flow rate

Question 14

Apply Ohm’s law to determine how blood flow will change when pressure or resistance change

Question 15

Explain why local blood flow is regulated

Question 16

Identify factors that act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors

Question 17

Describe how long-term local blood flow regulation occurs

Question 18

Define blood pressure and describe how changes in pressure difference change blood flow

Question 19

Explain why pressure remains during diastole and predict how changes to distensibility affect blood pressure

Question 20

Compare and contrast distensibility and pressure of arteries and veins. Explain how the venous and respiratory pumps function

Question 21

Identify the variables involved in regulation of blood pressure

Question 22

Discuss the function of the components of the cardiovascular center

Question 23

Describe how baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers regulate cardiovascular center

Question 24

Identify hormones involved in short-term control of blood pressure

Question 25

Identify how blood pressure is related in the short-term and long-term

Question 26

Explain how direct renal mechanisms alter blood volume

Question 27

Explain how indirect renal mechanisms alter blood volume

Question 28

Define hypertension and identify the cause of different types of hypertension