Learning Outcomes

Question 1

Identify the major fluid compartments and describe how they are interrelated

Question 2

Compare and contrast short-term vs long-term control of the extracellular fluid

Question 3

Describe the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and how cells in each of these solutions would be affected

Question 4

Describe the pathways involved in the regulation of water balance in terms of intake and output.

Question 5

Describe the role of the kidneys

Question 6

Describe the major structural components of a nephron

Question 7

Describe the basic renal processes involved in urine excretion

Question 8

Describe the forces that regulate glomerular filtration

Question 9

Describe how glomerular filtration is regulated by the body, both intrinsically and extrinsically

Question 10

Explain why the kidneys receive a greater proportion of cardiac output, relative to its weight

Question 11

Describe the process of transepithelial transport using sodium as an example

Question 12

Describe how the reabsorption of sodium is regulated

Question 13

Define Tm and explain why it is important in the reabsorption of necessary substances

Question 14

Describe the reabsorption of water along the entire tubule

Question 15

Describe the secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

Question 16

Describe why it is necessary to secrete organic anions and cations

Question 17

Describe what is meant by plasma clearance.

Question 18

Describe what is meant by the vertical osmotic gradient and why it is important.

Question 19

Describe the role of the loop of Henle and why its structure is important for its function.

Question 20

Describe countercurrent exchange.

Question 21

Describe the micturition reflex.

Question 22

Describe the major structures of a juxtaglomerular nephron and discuss the importance of each section with respect to reabsorption and secretion

Question 23

Describe blood flow through the kidneys and its physiological importance in the generation of urine

Question 24

Using your knowledge of osmotic gradients, describe how the kidney can make urine either more dilute or more concentrated than bodily fluids

Question 25

Using dehydration as an example, describe the physiological responses and processes that occur in order to reduce water loss through urine production