Learning Outcomes - Week 2 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What are the 6 levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal
Describe the chemical level of organization.
Atoms and molecules.
Describe the cellular level of organization.
Molecules combine to form cells.
Describe the tissue level of organization.
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
Describe the organ level of organization.
Different types of tissue are joined together. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues with specific functions and usually recognizable shapes.
Describe the system level of organization.
A system consists of related organs with a common function.
Describe the organismal level of organization.
Any living individual.
List the 11 systems of the human body.
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic/Immune
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
What are the organs present in the integumentary system and their general functions?
Organs: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands.
Functions: Protects body, helps regulate temperature, eliminates some wastes
What are the organs present in the skeletal system and their general functions?
Organs: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movement; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
What are the organs present in the muscular system and their general functions?
Organs: Skeletal muscle tissue.
Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.
What are the organs present in the nervous system and what are their general functions?
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions of glandular secretions.
What are the organs present in the endocrine system and what are their general functions?
Organs: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions: : Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).
What are the organs present in the cardiovascular system and what are their general functions?
Organs: : Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
What are the organs present in the lymphatic/immunity system and what are their general functions?
Organs: : Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
What are the organs present in the respiratory system and what are their general functions?
Organs: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
What are the organs present in the digestive system and what are their general functions?
Organs: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
What are the organs present in the urinary system and what are their general functions?
Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
What are the organs present in the reproductive systems and what are their general functions?
Organs: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
Name and describe the 6 important life processes in the human body.
- Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
- Responsiveness: the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
- Movement: motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
- Growth: an increase in body size resulting from and increase to the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both.
- Differentiation: the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
- Reproduction: the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement OR the production of a new individual.
Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
Anabolism is the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
Define homeostasis.
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.
Describe the components of a feedback system.
- Receptor: a body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
- Control center: sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
- Effector: a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Contrast the negative and positive feedback systems.
A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition, while a positive feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
