Learning Theories

Question 1

What is schema?

Answer 1

All of the information needed to make a movement decision. It is stored in the brain as a long-term memory. ​This states that we store a generalised series of movement patterns.​ These patterns are adapted to the current environment and situation.​

Question 2

What are the two categories of schema?

Answer 2

Recall and Recognition

Question 3

What is the purpose of recall schema?

Answer 3

To initiate movement

Question 4

What is the purpose of recognition schema?

Answer 4

To control movement

Question 5

What are the four parts of schema?

Answer 5

Initial conditions, response specification, sensory consequence and response outcome

Question 6

What can the coach do to improve schema?

Answer 6

Vary practice, vary the ball type, basic to complex, feedback, praise, range of practice, make sure practice is transferable to game

Question 7

What is Behaviourism: Operant Conditioning?

Answer 7

A learning bond is a link that connects the stimulus with the response (S-R bond)

Question 8

How does operant conditioning work?

Answer 8

The bond is strengthened by reinforcement​. Stimulus – Response (S-R theory)​ .We become conditioned to give a particular response to a particular stimulus​. We learn to respond to certain things in certain ways​.
Stronger the link – more likely the response​

Question 9

What are the four ways of reinforcing the s-r bond?

Answer 9

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and trial and error.

Question 10

How does positive reinforcement work?

Answer 10

• Reward correct response​
• Extrinsic​
• Success = intrinsic reward as well​
• Motivation is created to repeat Response

Question 11

How does negative reinforcement work?

Answer 11

The coach saying nothing when a correct action is shown​. This must follow a period of criticism about an incorrect performance

Question 12

How does punishment work?

Answer 12

Seeks to break the S-R bond​

Giving a punishment to the response

Question 13

How does trial and error work?

Answer 13

Coach gives a demonstration and the performer copies until they get it right.

Question 14

What can the coach do to increase the s-r bond?

Answer 14

Shape behaviour by manipulating the environment-Use target areas or feeders​
Rewards / praise, Negative reinforcement, Punishment

Question 15

What is social learning/observational theory?

Answer 15

The watching of others to help gain or improve a skill

Question 16

What must the coach do to ensure the demonstration works?

Answer 16

It is relevant to learner​
The accuracy of demonstration​
Status of role model is high​
Point of observation is varied and clear

Question 17

What is required for an effective demonstration?

Answer 17

Attributes and characteristics of model​
Physical and Psychological readiness of learner​
Motivation of learner to attend model​
Relevant​
Consistent​
Powerful visually and physically​
Reinforced

Question 18

What are the four factors of social learning theory?

Answer 18

Attention, retention, motor production and motivation

Question 19

Define attention

Answer 19

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer

Question 20

Define retention

Answer 20

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it​

Question 21

Define motor production

Answer 21

Having the mental and physical ability to do the task

Question 22

Define motivation

Answer 22

Having the drive to do the task

Question 23

What are the learner and coach doing for attention factor of social learning theory?

Answer 23

The learner must focus attention on the model

The coach can highlight the key areas of the skill

Question 24

What are the learner and coach doing for the retention factor of social learning theory?

Answer 24

The learner must remember the image

The coach should give a clear, correct image so that it can be remembered.

Question 25

What are the learner and coach doing for the motor production factor of social learning theory?

Answer 25

The learner must have the necessary ability and skill to replicate the demonstration The coach should make sure the performer is physically capable of performing the skill

Question 26

What are the learner and coach doing for the motivation factor of social learning theory?

Answer 26

The learner must have the determination to learn | The coach can reward or praise the performer to create the drive to learn​

Question 27

What can the coach do to help social learning?

Answer 27

Perfect / accurate demonstration;​ Frequent practices / rehearsals / over-learning;​ Minimal delay between demonstration and practice;​ Highlight cues / verbal repetition of key learning points;​ Emphasise need to feel correct movements / attend to kinaesthesis;​ Use of imagery / mental practice / rehearsal;​ Transfer from previously learned skill;​ Fun / enjoyable / relevant / realistic / interesting;​ Demonstration by role model / significant other / similar age / ability;​ Audience can see / hear;​ (With complex skill) – use different angles / slo-mo / video / repeat demonstration.

Question 28

What is cognitive insight theory?

Answer 28

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill

Question 29

What are the key points to cognitive insight theory?

Answer 29

Skills should be taught in their entirety rather than being broken-down down into subroutines​ By using the whole learning, the performer gains greater understanding of the skill and develops kinaesthesis of the whole skill​ Performers should think about what is required and consider intervening variables (problems that can hinder performance)​ Performers should use memory or insight of similar situations to help them grasp the task, and use previous experience to help with the current task​ Performers should use perception to make a judgement and interpret the information available​ Coach questions performer about why they’re performing in a particular way.​ Experiences the ‘whole’ activity rather than skills in isolation.

Question 30

What are the benefits of cognitive insight theory?

Answer 30

Allows learners to develop their own strategies and / or routes of understanding;​ Better for the performer rather than being told what to do all the time​ Performer able to adjust movements as required;​ Improves motivation.​ Understanding the process to achieve the result / why / reasons you do things.

Question 31

What can the coach do to help insight learning?

Answer 31

Coach questions performer about why they’re performing in a particular way.​ Experiences the ‘whole’ activity rather than skills in isolation.​ Whole = key word.​ Allows learners to develop their own strategies and / or routes of understanding;​ Better for the performer rather than being told what to do all the time;​ Must follow from the correct insight learning theory.​ Performer able to adjust movements as required;​ Improves motivation.

Question 32

What is Vygotsky's constructivism: social development theory?

Answer 32

learning by associating with others

Question 33

What is the base theory ofVygotsky's constructivism: social development theory?

Answer 33

Using a MKO = ‘more knowledgeable other’​ To build​ Work with others to develop skills:​ Learn from them and add to your skill set​ Self assess level working at and how to move to next level

Question 34

What is intra-psychological learning?

Answer 34

Learning from others externally, learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge​ Learning from a coach

Question 35

What do learners get from a more knowledgeable other?

Answer 35

Advice, feedback and tactical knowledge

Question 36

What is Intra-psychological learning?

Answer 36

The process of internal analysis following MKO advice

Question 37

What are Vygotsky's s three stages to learning?

Answer 37

What can I do alone?​ What can I do with help?​ What can I not do yet?