Learning theories

Question 1

defined as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/
or behavior as a result of
exposure to different
experiences.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

This type of theory is to change behavior, change the stimulus conditions
in the environment and the reinforcement after a
response

Answer 2

Behaviorist theory

Question 3

also termed
association learning, classical
conditioning, or Pavlovian
conditioning

Answer 3

Respondent conditioning

Question 4

emphasizes the importance
of stimulus conditions and the associations
formed in the learning process.

Answer 4

Respondent conditioning

Question 5

In this basic model of learning, a neutral stimulus (NS)—a stimulus that has no special value or meaning
to the learner—is paired with a naturally occurring unconditioned or unlearned
stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response
(UCR).

Answer 5

Respondent conditioning

Question 6

is a technique based on respondent
conditioning that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety in
their clients.

Answer 6

Systematic desensitization

Question 7

While they are in a state of relaxation, the fear producing stimulus is gradually introduced at a nonthreatening level so that anxiety and emotions are
not aroused.

Answer 7

Systematic Desensitization

Question 8

is a useful
respondent conditioning concept that needs
to be given careful consideration in relapse
prevention programs.

Answer 8

Spontaneous recovery

Question 9

is the tendency of
initial learning
experiences to be
easily applied to
other similar stimuli.

Answer 9

Stimulus
generalization

Question 10

Developed largely by B. F. Skinner.

Answer 10

Operant Conditioning

Question 11

focuses on the behavior of the organism and the
reinforcement that occurs after the response.

Answer 11

Operant Conditioning

Question 12

This type of conditioning has a reinforcer as a stimulus
or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that
the response will be performed again. When specific responses are
reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or
decreased.

Answer 12

Operant Conditioning

Question 13

OPERANT CONDITIONING MODEL: CONTINGENCIES TO
INCREASE AND DECREASE THE PROBABILITY OF AN ORGANISM’S
RESPONSE

Answer 13

To Increase probability of response

1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
   a) Escape conditioning
   b) Avoidance conditioning

To Decrease probability of response

1. Nonreinforcement
2. Punishment

Question 14

An unpleasant stimulus is
being applied, the individual responds in some way
that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to
cease.

Answer 14

Escape conditioning

Question 15

The unpleasant stimulus is
anticipated rather than being applied directly.

Answer 15

Avoidance conditioning

Question 16

BEHAVIORIST DYNAMICS

Answer 16

Motivation

Educator

Transfer

Question 18

drives to be reduced, incentives

Answer 18

Motivation

Question 19

active role; manipulates environmental stimuli
and reinforcements to direct change

Answer 19

Educator

Question 20

practice and provide similarity in stimulus
conditions and responses with a new situation

Answer 20

Transfer

Question 21

occurs as the organism responds to stimulus
conditions and forms associations.

Answer 21

Learning

Question 22

To increase behavior

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance
conditioning)

Question 23

To decrease behavior

Answer 23

Nonreinforcement

Punishment

Question 24

Cognitive Learning Theory

Answer 24

Information, sensation

(ARROW DOWN)

Emotions, memories

(ARROW DOWN)

Thoughts

Question 25

composed of sub theories and is widely used in education and counseling.

Answer 25

Cognitive Theory

Question 26

According to this perspective, the key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information).

Answer 26

Cognitive Theory

Question 27

influencing the process of learning is the learner’s...

Answer 27

Metacognition

Question 28

One of the oldest psychological theories

Answer 28

Gestalt perspective

Question 29

emphasizes the importance of perception in learning and lays the groundwork for various other cognitive perspectives that followed

Answer 29

Gestalt perspective

Question 30

a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes

Answer 30

Information processing

Question 31

best known of the cognitive developmental theorists.

Answer 31

Jean Piaget

Question 32

four sequential stages of cognitive development:

Answer 32

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.

Question 33

To change behavior, work with the developmental stage and change cognitions, goals, expectations, equilibrium, and ways of processing information.

Answer 33

Cognitive Theory

Question 34

largely based on the work of Albert Bandura (1977, 2001), who mapped out a perspective on learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment.

Answer 34

Social Learning theory

Question 35

based on the work of Sigmund Freud and his followers

Answer 35

Psychodynamic theory

Question 36

Have significant implications for learning and changing behavior. Furthermore, It is largely a theory of motivation that stresses emotions rather than cognition or responses.

Answer 36

Psychodynamic theory

Question 37

emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, and the enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior.

Answer 37

Psychodynamic theory

Question 38

major contributor to humanistic theory, is perhaps best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs, which he says plays an important role in human motivation.

Answer 38

Abraham Maslow