Learning theories and Memory Flashcards
Work, according to Eze (2004) is ——– and essential part of life.
central
Define work?
Work can be defined as any mental or physical activity with the primary goal of providing for one’s family
Define a person’s attitude ?
A person’s attitude can be defined as their general way of thinking about and responding to social situations and the people in them.
Work involves the use of hands, equipments, machines, ——to transform raw materials to products that meets human needs.
technology
Scientistic management, sometimes known as “———–
‘Taylorism”
Key Principles of Job Simplification
Aims at minimising the need for specialised training
Focuses on maximising the authority of upper management
Strives for reducing how long something usually takes to do
Driven by economic considerations, where using unskilled or semi-skilled workers is cheaper
.
Economic Rationale Behind Job Simplification
The price of using unskilled or semi-skilled workers is lower than using fully trained professionals
Their output can be comparable or improved if work is completed rapidly
.
Potential Negative Consequences of Simplified Job Structures
Occupations structured with a focus on simplification can carry heavy monetary and personal tolls
Taylor’s Observations and Conclusions as a Foreman
Observed that workers routinely fell short of his expectations
Concluded that the only way to prevent this was to gather data on job activities in a methodical (“scientific”) fashion
Believed this approach required a lack of freedom and responsibility on the part of employees
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Taylor’s Methods for Improving Worker Output
Gathering data on the activities involved in the job in a methodical (or “scientific”) fashion
Reducing complexity wherever possible
Outlining typical work processes and estimated completion times
Applying monetary incentives (and only monetary incentives)
Define attitude?
Attitude can be defined as an enduring organisation of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes with respect to some aspect of the environment.
Two Most Important Attitudes Determining Employee Actions
Job satisfaction
Organisational commitment
Definition of Job Satisfaction
How people feel about their work
Arguably the most crucial attitude to have
Happy employees have a positive outlook on their work, while unhappy ones do not
.
——– is arguably the most crucial attitude to have
Job Satisfaction
Work involves the deliberate use of physical, emotional and mental energy to produce ———
utilities
Attitude as shown below has three components;namely
cognitive, emotional(affective) and behavioural and serve several functions.
Two Primary Reasons Why People Work (Traditional View)
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As a means of earning a living to afford basic needs
As an opportunity for using basic human talents (physical, intellectual, emotional)
. Without work, these talents may go unused.
Cognitive Component of Attitude refers
This refers to thoughts, belief, opinions, and knowledge or information held by the person concerning others, objects or ideas.
Affective Component of Attitude
This involves emotional feelings about people, places and objects to which statements like „I do not like can apply and can lead to behavioural outcomes
Behavioural Component of Attitude
This component refers to action tendencies and intentions to behave in a certain way towards someone or something.
Factors Moderating a Worker’s Attitude
A worker’s attitude is typically moderated by economic, social, emotional and physical conditions of work
Their knowledge, skill, feelings and behaviour influence their work orientation and productivity
.
Functions of Attitude (Katz, 1960)
Knowledge functions: Attitudes organize our beliefs about objects or activities
.
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Value expressive functions: Attitudes can be a reflection of self-concept or expression of individual central values
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Utilitarian functions: We tend to be favourably disposed towards rewarding goods and services
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Ego-defensive functions: Attitudes can be formed and used in the defence of the ego and self-image
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————— is the vehicle through which attitude change is transmitted
Persuasive communication
Key Factors in Persuasive Communication for Attitude Change
Communicator or source of message
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The message
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The channel (in writing, verbally, visually)
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The context (cultural, civic, social, religious setting)
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The audience
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