Learning Theory

Question 1

Classical conditioning is a form of ——— Learning

Answer 1

Associative

Question 2

What are the five elements of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)

Question 3

As it relates to learning, habituation is what?

Answer 3

The decreasing strength of a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Question 4

As it relates to learning, a stimulus is what?

Answer 4

Something that elicits a response or reaction.

Question 5

Classical conditioning is also known as

Answer 5

Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 6

An irrational fear of an object is an example of _______________.

Answer 6

Classical conditioning

Question 7

ADDING something pleasant is _______________ reinforcement.

Answer 7

positive

Question 8

ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.

Answer 8

positive

Question 9

REMOVING something pleasant is _______________ punishment.

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

A Skinner Box was used to demonstrate ______________ conditioning

Answer 11

operant

Question 12

Clicker training dogs is an example of _________________.

Answer 12

operant conditioning

Question 13

As you drive down the street, a leaf hits your windshield. You know that the leaf is not going to break the windshield and yet you blink anyway. In classical conditioning, the leaf is a/an:

Answer 13

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 14

In advertising, celebrities can be used as ____________ to lead to favourable brand attitudes.

Answer 14

UCS Uncondition Stimulus

Question 15

___________ is when a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and a not to similar stimulus.

Answer 15

Discrimination

Question 16

______________ results in the gradual weakening & disappearance of a response

Answer 16

Extinction

Question 17

____________ occurs if the organism still makes responses after reinforcement has stopped

Answer 17

Resistance to extinction

Question 18

n classical conditioning, a ___________ stimulus becomes a _____________ stimulus after conditioning has occurred.

Answer 18

neutral, conditioned

Question 19

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Answer 19

a) Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.

Question 20

What is the term used to describe the process of increasing the frequency of a behaviour by adding something desirable?
a) reinforcement
b) punishment
c) extinction
d) shaping

Answer 20

reinforcement

Question 21

“Initial stage of learning something” (Weiten, 2007, p.220).
Process that requires usually several pairings of the CS and UCS to develop a CR. This is know as the ——- period

Answer 21

Acquisition

Question 22

the famous Watson and Rayner (1920) experiment using principles of Classical Conditioning with a baby known as ‘little Albert’. The researchers paired a rat - Conditioned Stimulus (CS), with a loud noise - Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), which resulted in startle and fear in little Albert. This conditioned emotional response (fear) also occurred when Albert was presented with any other small furry objects, which demonstrates the process of ————

Answer 22

Generalisation

Question 23

The “reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure” is called

Answer 23

Spontaneous recovery

Question 24

If conditioned responses have reappeared after Extinction its called

Answer 24

Spontaneous recovery

Question 25

similar stimuli eliciting a CR is called

Answer 25

Generalisation (ie Tones of different frequencies may still elicit a CR, or different bells might elicit salivation )

Question 26

That is, the subject learns to respond to one stimulus and not to a similar stimulus

Answer 26

Discrimination (This is the opposite of generalisation.)

Question 27

Impala (African antelopes) can learn to discriminate between African wild dogs (predators) that have just eaten (& won’t attack) and hunting/hungry African wild dogs (very dangerous). Hungry wild dogs elicit fear responses, but those that have eaten do not (Mazur, 1994, p.72). this is an example of ------- in the real world

Answer 27

Discrimination

Question 28

classically conditioning relys on ------- responses

Answer 28

involuntary (reflex)

Question 29

What is the difference between operant and clasical conditioning

Answer 29

In Operant Conditioning, the operant behaviour is emitted by the animal or person, which is different to Classical Conditioning where the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned behaviour.

Question 30

What is the (operant conditioning paradigm is represented by a) 3-term contingency

Answer 30

where the operant response is emitted and reinforced in the presence of the discriminative stimulus (Mazur, 1994). SD (Discriminative stimulus) R operant response → SR (Reinforcing Stimulus)

Question 31

The consequences of behaviour - that come to affect subsequent frequency of behaviour (whether frequency of behaviour will increase or decrease)

Answer 31

REINFORCEMENT / PUNISHMENT (SR)

Question 32

stimulus that precedes a response can also influence operant behaviour by acting as a ‘signal’ (behaviour likely to be reinforced)

Answer 32

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS (SD)

Question 32

According to Skinner the ------ --------- is “a behavior that operates on its environment

Answer 32

OPERANT RESPONSE (R)

Answer 33

Resistance to Extinction

Answer 34

Delayed Reinforcement

Answer 35

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 36

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 37

reinforcement schedule reinforces every response that occurs

Answer 37

continuous reinforcement

Question 38

if reinforcement is not continuous, then the schedule of reinforcement is --------

Answer 38

intermittent

Question 39

What reinforcement schedule : reinforcer given after number of non-reinforced responses fixed

Answer 39

FIXED-RATIO (FR30):

Question 40

What reinforcement schedule : reinforcer given after variable number of non-reinforced responses after a fixed period of time

Answer 40

VARIABLE-RATIO (VR30):

Question 41

What reinforcement schedule : reinforces first response has elapsed

Answer 41

FIXED-INTERVAL (FI 1min):

Question 42

What reinforcement schedule : reinforces first response after a variable period of time has elapsed

Answer 42

VARIABLE-INTERVAL (VI 1min):

Question 43

behaviour that is positively reinforced is likely to

Answer 43

be repeated

Question 44

behaviour that is ignored is likely to ‘die out’ or be

Answer 44

extinguished

Question 45

Shaping is:

Answer 45

SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS to get a new behaviour to occur

Question 46

What is a caution for applying shaping as a technique

Answer 46

Unfortunately, harmful or ‘undesirable’ behaviours can also be shaped!

Question 46

THREE MAIN STAGES OF SHAPING:

Answer 46

1. Specify target or goal ‘desired’ behaviour 2. Identify response to use as a starting point 3. Reinforce starting response, then require successively closer approximations, until desired response eventually occurs

Question 47

Social Learning Theory is attributed to which researcher

Answer 47

Albert Bandura

Question 48

Name the three learning theories covered in this subject

Answer 48

Classic Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Social Learning Theory

Question 49

Vicarious reinforcement occurs through modelling of a response. There are four necessary components to successful modelling:

Answer 49

ATTENTION RETENTION MOTOR REPRODUCTION MOTIVATION

Question 50

In Social learning the first required component is ......... to the modelled response

Answer 50

ATTENTION

Question 51

In Social learning the 2ndrequired component is ....... in the memory of the elements of the modelled response

Answer 51

RETENTION

Question 52

In Social learning the 3rd required component is -------- ---------- or the ability to carry out the modelled response

Answer 52

MOTOR REPRODUCTION

Question 53

In Social learning the 3rd required component is --------- or incentive to display the modelled response

Answer 53

MOTIVATION

Question 54

--------- learning occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models”

Answer 54

Observational (Weiten, 2007)

Question 55

Albert Bandura proposed social learning theory. According to this theory, learning could also occur through the process of ----- reinforcement.

Answer 55

vicarious

Question 56

Bandura’s social learning theory clearly requires cognitive processes to occur. Not all learned responses are performed. ---------- plays an important role in which responses are performed.

Answer 56

Reinforcement