Learning Theory / Cognitive Theories /Memory

Question 1

Pavlov

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning (dogs & bell)

Question 2

Components of Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

• Unconditioned stimulus (US) - meat
• Unconditioned response (UR) - salivation
• Conditioned stimulus (CS) - bell
• Conditioned response (CR) - salivation

Question 3

Types of Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

• Delay: present CS right before/overlapping with US
• Trace: present CS before US
• Simultaneous: present CS and US simultaneously
• Backward: present US before CS

Question 4

Classical Extinction

Answer 4

The gradual disapperance of CR as a result of repeated CS (w/o US)

(Can be reestablished through “refresher trials”)

Question 5

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 5

The idea that when CR stops, it is suppressed NOT eliminated

Question 6

Stimulus Generalization

vs

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 6

• Stimulus generalization: response to neutral stimulus that is similar to CS
• Stimulus discrimination: response to only specific CS

Question 7

Experimental Neurosis

Answer 7

The reaction when discrimination is too difficult/overwhelming

Question 8

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 8

Pairing a neutral stimulus right before the CS
so that the neutral becomes a second CS

Question 9

Blocking

Answer 9

Pairing a neutral stimulus at same time as CS,
neutral stimulus will NOT result in CR

Question 10

Overshadowing

Answer 10

When 2 neutral stimuli are presented, only one will result in CR

Question 11

John Watson

Answer 11

Classical conditioning (Little Albert)

Question 12

Counterconditioning

Answer 12

Pairing CS with US that prevents CR from happening

(“reciprocal inhibition”)

Question 13

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 13

Successful because of repeated exposure to CS without US

4 Stages:

1. Relaxation training
2. Hierarchy (goal of 10-15, use SUDS)
3. Desensitization in imagination
4. In vivo desensitization

Question 14

Sensate Focus

Answer 14

Used for performance anxiety

Redirect focus to gradual mutual sensuality, build up to intercourse

Question 15

Aversive Counterconditioning

Answer 15

CS is paired with neutral stimulus that causes unpleasant response

Types:

• In Vivo Aversion Therapy: high relapse rate, limited generalization
• Covert Sensitization: imagining negative consequences associated with CS rather than positive

Question 16

In Vivo ERP

Answer 16

• Prolonged is better than multiple brief
• Types: Flooding vs Gradual Exposure
• Interoceptive Exposure: inducing physical feeling of anxiety

Question 17

Implosive Therapy

Answer 17

Vivid imaginal exposure, very psychodynamic

Question 18

EMDR

Answer 18

Based on idea that exposure to trauma
can block information processing mechanism

Rapid eye lateral movements allow access to this
BUT research attributing efficacy to imaginal exposure

Question 19

Thorndike

Answer 19

Operant Conditioning (cats, box, lever)

Instrumental learning (trial and error)

Law of Effect: likely to repeat if desirable response

Question 20

B.F. Skinner

Answer 20

Operant Conditioning (coined term)

Skinner Box

Concepts of reinforcement and punishment

Question 21

Operant Extinction

Answer 21

When reinforcer is withheld to decrease behavior

(often results in extinction burst - increase at start)

Question 22

Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 22

• Primary Reinforcer: inherently desirable (water, food)
• Secondary Reinforcer: learned desirable
  
  • Generalized Secondary: when paired with primary

Question 23

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 23

• Continuous: immediately after behavior (best for acquisition)
• Intermittent: varying (best for maintenace)
  
  • Fixed Interval: predetermined amount of time (every X min)
  • Variable Interval: random time
  • Fixed Ratio: predetermined # of times (every X times)
  • Variable Ratio: random # times (highest response rate)

Question 24

Thinning

Answer 24

Process of reducing the proportion/frequency of reinforcement

Question 25

Matching Law

Answer 25

When responding to 2+ reinforcement schedules, the tendency to perform behavior with most response more frequently

Question 26

Stimulus Control

Answer 26

Adding something BEFORE behavior to influence "cue" behavior _Types:_ * Positive Discriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals that behavior WILL be followed by reinforcement (presence of green light) * Negative Discriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals that will NOT be followed by reinforcement (presence of red light)

Question 27

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 27

Responding to neutral stimulus that is simlar in nature

Question 28

Response Generalization

Answer 28

Application of learned behavior/skill to another setting

Question 29

Escape vs Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 29

Use of a behavior to escape or avoid undesirable response

Question 30

Satiation

Answer 30

When a reinforcer loses its value

Question 31

Fading

Answer 31

The gradual removal of a prompt for a desired behavior

Question 32

Shaping

Answer 32

Reinforcing behaviors of close approximation

Question 33

Chaining

Answer 33

Steps within larger task are reinforcing themselves

Question 34

Premack Principle

Answer 34

Using a high probability behavior to reinforce a low probability behavior (TV after homework)

Question 35

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 35

Ignoring undesired, reinforcing anything but undesired

Question 36

Habituation

Answer 36

Increasing consequence intensity over time = bad

Question 37

Overcorrection

Answer 37

* **Restitution**: correct negative effects of undesired behavior * **Positive Practice:** exaggerated practice of more appropriate behavior * **Negative Practice:** exaggerated practice of undesired behavior

Question 38

Response Cost

Answer 38

The removal of a reinforcer when a negative behavior performed

Question 39

Contingency Contracts

Answer 39

Formal written agreement _5 key parts:_ 1. Provide explicit definitions of behavior 2. Behavior must be capable of being monitored 3. Establish system of sanctions 4. Define bonuses 5. Identify record-keeping system

Question 40

Token Economy

Answer 40

_4 key components:_ 1. Define targer behavior 2. Choose seocndary/back-up reinforcers 3. Establish system for monitoring 4. Identify plan for thinning