Learning Theory Definitions

Question 1

negative

Answer 1

removing something

Question 2

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 2

inherently reinforcing to the learner

Question 3

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 3

been paired with or predicts a primary reinforcer

Question 4

Tertiary Reinforcer

Answer 4

been paired with or predicts a secondary reinforcer; behavior chains

Question 5

Stimulus

Answer 5

elicits a behavior

Question 6

Response

Answer 6

behavior elicited by stimulus

Question 7

Positive

Answer 7

adding something

Question 8

Antecedent

Answer 8

something that comes before, often a stimulus or cue

Question 9

Behavior

Answer 9

something that the learner does in response to the antecedent; in operant learning this is how the learner influences their environment

Question 10

Consequence

Answer 10

what occurs in response to the learner’s chosen behavior (ie. reinforcer, punisher, nothing, ect)

Question 11

Learned Helplessness

Answer 11

Learner has learned that they are incapable of escaping punishment and cease offering a behavior

Question 12

Learned Irrelevance

Answer 12

learner has learned that punisher is not of significant enough power to override the value of a reinforcer

Question 13

Unconditioned

Answer 13

a stimulus, response, etc that has an association but is not learned; often initiates a reflex

Question 14

Conditioned

Answer 14

a stimulus, response, ect that has been taught to have an association for the learner

Question 15

Counter-Conditioned

Answer 15

a stimulus, response, ect that has a new, redefined associate than previously learned

Question 16

Neutral

Answer 16

a stimulus that has no learned or reflexive association for the learner

Question 17

Stimulus

Answer 17

something that elicits a behavior

Question 18

Response

Answer 18

the behavior elicited by a stimulus

Question 19

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 19

a stimulus that has no inherent or learned association

Question 20

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US)

Answer 20

a stimulus with inherent or reflexive associations, ex. food

Question 21

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 21

a reflexive behavior to a UCS, ex. salivation in the presence of food

Question 22

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 22

a stimulus with a learned association

Question 23

Conditioned Response (CR or CER)

Answer 23

a response to a CS

Question 24

Desensitization (DS)

Answer 24

controlled presentation of a CS at low enough levels that the learner can tolerate

Question 25

Counter-Conditioning (CC)/ Counter-Conditioned Stimulus (CCS)

Answer 25

pairing a sensitized CS with a UCS to change the association

Question 26

Habituation

Answer 26

allowing a learner to naturally "get used" to a neutral stimulus

Question 27

Extinction

Answer 27

CS returns to a NS due to lack of association pairing

Question 28

Extinction Burst

Answer 28

increase in degree of behavior that occurs immediately before extinction

Question 29

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 29

repairing and recovery of an extinguished association

Question 30

Premack's Principle

Answer 30

a more likely behavior can reinforce a less likely behavior

Question 31

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Answer 31

behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences; trial and error; practice improves performance; use it or lose it

Question 32

Prompting

Answer 32

verbal or physical triggering of a behavior

Question 33

Luring

Answer 33

using a food lure or target to guide the dog, usually by the nose, into performing a behavior

Question 34

Shaping

Answer 34

building a behavior via successive approximations and criteria shifts; breaking it down into small steps

Question 35

Targeting

Answer 35

providing a location for the nose or paw as a way of guiding behavior

Question 36

Modeling

Answer 36

also molding...placing hands on dog to guide into position or create behavior

Question 37

Capturing

Answer 37

caching and reinforcing a dog for performing a behavior spontaneously

Question 38

Ratio

Answer 38

of treats

Question 39

Continuous Ratio (CRF)

Answer 39

one treat for every correct response (coke machine)

Question 40

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Answer 40

one treat for a fixed number/ set number of responses (payday)

Question 41

Variable Ratio (VR)

Answer 41

the number of correct responses necessary to receive reinforcement varies and is not set (slot machine)

Question 42

Post-Reinforcement Pause

Answer 42

a phenomena that occurs as a dip in performance immediately following reinforcement on a fixed ratio (the weekend)

Question 43

Interval

Answer 43

time

Question 44

Fixed Interval (FI)

Answer 44

one treat for the first correct response within a certain time period

Question 45

Variable Interval (VI)

Answer 45

the interval that lapses before the next treat can be earned varies

Question 46

High Response Rate (DRH)

Answer 46

reinforcement is delivered depending on how quickly the response follows the last response

Question 47

Low Response Rate (LRH)

Answer 47

reinforcement is delivered depending on how slowly the response follows the last response

Question 48

Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

Answer 48

reinforcement only occurs for behaviors that counter or are specifically incompatible with the behavior we are "training out"

Question 49

Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Answer 49

reinforcement of any behavior that is NOT the behavior we are "training out"

Question 50

Reinforcement of Excellent Behavior (DRE)

Answer 50

only reinforcing quality responses, ex. speed, accuracy, specific location, position, ect

Question 51

NS + UCS = CS

Answer 51

creating a condition stimulus (good or bad association)

Question 52

CS/CER + UCS/UR = CCS/ New CER

Answer 52

counter-conditioning a stimulus with a previously bad association to one with a new, good association

Question 53

DS/CC

Answer 53

desensitization and counter-conditioning

Question 54

A > B > C

Answer 54

antecedent > behavior > consequence | the order of operations for operant conditioning